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Amin Zadeh H, Zomorodkia AA, Hadi S, Mohammad Zadeh I, Sabetghadam SAA, Hadi V. Synthesis and evaluation of the antifungal activity of 5-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide for use in the oral environment. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2024; 14:211-215. [PMID: 38445048 PMCID: PMC10912861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, can cause superficial infections of the oral mucosa as well as disseminated bloodstream and deep-tissue infections. The most frequently employed class of antifungals used for Candida infection treatment are the azole antifungals. Their low price, low toxic qualities, and availability for oral use make fluconazole and similar azole antifungals the preferred treatment for various infections caused by Candida. Nevertheless, developed and intrinsic resistance to antifungals of the azole family has been widely documented in association with various species of Candida. Candida infection management requires synthesizing new compounds to improve azole class antifungals, as Candida isolates resistant to azole are increasingly encountered in the clinical setting. This study aimed to synthesize a new azole compound and investigate its antifungal activity. Methods In this experimental study, 5-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide was synthesized by the reaction between thiosemecarbazide and ethylbezoylacetate. The structure of the synthesized compound was characterized by different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and its antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis was investigated by the Spread Plat method to determine its minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results and discussion The Spread Plat test demonstrated that with the increase in 5-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide concentration, colonies of fungi were increasingly eliminated at a significant level(p < 0.001). At a concentration of 1000 ppm, all Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis colonies were destroyed. Conclusions The results indicate that the synthesized compound showed a promising antifungal effect. On the other hand, it had a suitable spectrum of effect, because it showed antifungal effects on both Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Amin Zadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 76169, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Zomorodkia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Hadi
- Department of Health and Nutriotion, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Mohammad Zadeh
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Hadi
- Department of Health and Nutriotion, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Brilhante RSN, Costa ADC, de Mesquita JRL, dos Santos Araújo G, Freire RS, Nunes JVS, Nobre AFD, Fernandes MR, Rocha MFG, Pereira Neto WDA, Crouzier T, Schimpf U, Viera RS. Antifungal Activity of Chitosan against Histoplasma capsulatum in Planktonic and Biofilm Forms: A Therapeutic Strategy in the Future? J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1201. [PMID: 38132801 PMCID: PMC10744476 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a respiratory disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus, with high mortality and morbidity rates, especially in immunocompromised patients. Considering the small existing therapeutic arsenal, new treatment approaches are still required. Chitosan, a linear polysaccharide obtained from partial chitin deacetylation, has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity properties. Chitosan with different deacetylation degrees and molecular weights has been explored as a potential agent against fungal pathogens. In this study, the chitosan antifungal activity against H. capsulatum was evaluated using the broth microdilution assay, obtaining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 32 to 128 µg/mL in the filamentous phase and 8 to 64 µg/mL in the yeast phase. Chitosan combined with classical antifungal drugs showed a synergic effect, reducing chitosan's MICs by 32 times, demonstrating that there were no antagonistic interactions relating to any of the strains tested. A synergism between chitosan and amphotericin B or itraconazole was detected in the yeast-like form for all strains tested. For H. capsulatum biofilms, chitosan reduced biomass and metabolic activity by about 40% at 512 µg/mL. In conclusion, studying chitosan as a therapeutic strategy against Histoplasma capsulatum is promising, mainly considering its numerous possible applications, including its combination with other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | - Anderson da Cunha Costa
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | | | - Gessica dos Santos Araújo
- Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Itaperi Campus, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (G.d.S.A.); (M.F.G.R.)
| | - Rosemeyre Souza Freire
- Analytical Center, Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil; (R.S.F.); (J.V.S.N.)
| | - João Victor Serra Nunes
- Analytical Center, Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil; (R.S.F.); (J.V.S.N.)
| | - Augusto Feynman Dias Nobre
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | - Mirele Rodrigues Fernandes
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Itaperi Campus, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil; (G.d.S.A.); (M.F.G.R.)
| | - Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira Neto
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Barão de Canindé, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil; (A.d.C.C.); (A.F.D.N.); (M.R.F.); (W.d.A.P.N.)
| | - Thomas Crouzier
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Ulrike Schimpf
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.C.); (U.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Silveira Viera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-900, CE, Brazil;
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Dermatophytic Biofilms: Characteristics, Significance and Treatment Approaches. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020228. [PMID: 36836342 PMCID: PMC9960790 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes are found in the environment, possibly more often as biofilms than in planktonic forms. Biofilm formation has been described for several important fungal species. The presence of a dermatophytoma in a dermatophytic nail infection was the basis for the proposal that dermatophytes form biofilms as well. This could explain treatment failure and recurrent dermatophytic infections. Several investigators have performed in vitro and ex vivo experiments to study the formation of biofilms by dermatophytes and their properties. The nature of the biofilm structure itself contributes to fungal protection mechanisms against many harmful external agents, including antifungals. Thus, a different approach should be carried out regarding susceptibility testing and treatment. Concerning susceptibility testing, methods to evaluate either the inhibition of biofilm formation, or the ability to eradicate it, have been introduced. As for treatment, in addition to classical antifungal agents, some natural formulations, such as plant extracts or biosurfactants, and alternative approaches, such as photodynamic therapy, have been proposed. Studies that connect the results of the in vitro and ex vivo experimentation with clinical outcomes are required in order to verify the efficacy of these approaches in clinical practice.
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