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Trancart M, Botta A, Le Coz C, Guatto N, Calas AG, Hanak AS. How does organophosphorus chemical warfare agent exposure affect respiratory physiology in mice? Toxicology 2024; 507:153890. [PMID: 39029734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In the absence of appropriate medical care, exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents, such as VX, can lead to respiratory failure, and potentially death by asphyxiation. Despite the critical role of respiratory disturbances in organophosphorus-induced toxicity, the nature and underlying mechanisms of respiratory failure remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize respiratory alterations by determining their type and duration in mice exposed to a subcutaneous sublethal dose of VX. Respiratory ventilation in Swiss mice was monitored using dual-chamber plethysmography for up to 7 days post-exposure. Cholinesterase activity was assessed via spectrophotometry, and levels of inflammatory biomarkers were quantified using Luminex technology in blood and tissues involved in respiration (diaphragm, lung, and medulla oblongata). Additionally, a histological study was conducted on these tissues to ensure their structural integrity. Ventilatory alterations appeared 20-25 minutes after the injection of 0.9 LD50 VX and increased until the end of the recording, i.e., 40 minutes after intoxication. Concurrent with the occurrence of apnea, increased inspiratory and expiratory times resulted in a significant decrease in respiratory rate in exposed mice compared to controls. Ventilatory amplitude and, consequently, minute volume were reduced, while specific airway resistance significantly increased, indicating bronchoconstriction. These ventilatory effects persisted up to 24 or even 72 hours post-intoxication, resolving on the 7th day. They were correlated with a decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity in the diaphragm, which persisted for up to 72 hours, and with the triggering of an inflammatory reaction in the same tissue. No significant histologic lesions were observed in the examined tissues. The ventilatory alterations observed up to 72 hours post-VX exposure appear to result from a functional failure of the respiratory system rather than tissue damage. This comprehensive characterization contributes to a better understanding of the respiratory effects induced by VX exposure, which is crucial for developing specific medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilène Trancart
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - Antoine Botta
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - Christine Le Coz
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - Nathalie Guatto
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - André-Guilhem Calas
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hanak
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France.
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Summerhill EM, Hoyle GW, Jordt SE, Jugg BJ, Martin JG, Matalon S, Patterson SE, Prezant DJ, Sciuto AM, Svendsen ER, White CW, Veress LA. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Chemical Inhalational Disasters. Biology of Lung Injury, Development of Novel Therapeutics, and Medical Preparedness. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14:1060-1072. [PMID: 28418689 PMCID: PMC5529138 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201704-297ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is based on the proceedings from the Inhalational Lung Injury Workshop jointly sponsored by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats (CounterACT) program on May 21, 2013, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The CounterACT program facilitates research leading to the development of new and improved medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents. The workshop was initiated by the Terrorism and Inhalational Disasters Section of the Environmental, Occupational, and Population Health Assembly of the ATS. Participants included both domestic and international experts in the field, as well as representatives from U.S. governmental funding agencies. The meeting objectives were to (1) provide a forum to review the evidence supporting current standard medical therapies, (2) present updates on our understanding of the epidemiology and underlying pathophysiology of inhalational lung injuries, (3) discuss innovative investigative approaches to further delineating mechanisms of lung injury and identifying new specific therapeutic targets, (4) present promising novel medical countermeasures, (5) facilitate collaborative research efforts, and (6) identify challenges and future directions in the ongoing development, manufacture, and distribution of effective and specific medical countermeasures. Specific inhalational toxins discussed included irritants/pulmonary toxicants (chlorine gas, bromine, and phosgene), vesicants (sulfur mustard), chemical asphyxiants (cyanide), particulates (World Trade Center dust), and respirable nerve agents.
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Appel AS, Logue BA. Analysis of nerve agent metabolites from nail clippings by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1031:116-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Appel AS, McDonough JH, McMonagle JD, Logue BA. Analysis of Nerve Agent Metabolites from Hair for Long-Term Verification of Nerve Agent Exposure. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6523-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Appel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera
Health and Science, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - John H. McDonough
- Pharmacology
Branch, Research Division U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Joseph D. McMonagle
- Pharmacology
Branch, Research Division U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Brian A. Logue
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera
Health and Science, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
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Crossroads in the evaluation of paraoxonase 1 for protection against nerve agent and organophosphate toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:87-94. [PMID: 22301377 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a 45kDa arylesterase associated with circulating high density lipoproteins (HDL), has been described as an anti-atherogenic element in cardiovascular disorders. The efficacy of PON1 as a catalytic bioscavenger against OP and CWNA toxicity has been on debate for the last few decades. Hydrolysis of various organophosphates (OPs) and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) by PON1 has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Recently, we established the protective efficacy of human and rabbit serum purified PON1 as well as human recombinant PON1 expressed in Trichoplusia ni larvae against nerve agent toxicity in guinea pigs. Exogenous administration of purified PON1 was effective in protecting against 1.2 X LCt(50) of sarin and soman administered endotracheally with microinstillation technology. However, the short half-life of exogenously administered PON1, probably due to poor association with circulating HDL, warrant alternative approaches for successful utility of PON1 in the treatment of OP/CWNA toxicity. In this mini review, we address the pros and cons of current PON1 prophylaxis and propose potential solutions for successful development of PON1 as an effective catalytic bioscavenger.
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Che MM, Song J, Oguntayo S, Doctor BP, Rezk P, Perkins MW, Sciuto AM, Nambiar MP. Treatment with endotracheal therapeutics after sarin microinstillation inhalation exposure increases blood cholinesterase levels in guinea pigs. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 22:250-9. [PMID: 22145985 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.639817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities were measured in the blood and tissues of animals that are treated with a number of endotracheally aerosolized therapeutics for protection against inhalation toxicity to sarin. Therapeutics included, aerosolized atropine methyl bromide (AMB), scopolamine or combination of AMB with salbutamol, sphingosine 1-phosphate, keratinocyte growth factor, adenosine A1 receptor antisense oligonucleotide (EPI2010), 2,3-diacetyloxybenzoic acid (2,3 DABA), oxycyte, and survanta. Guinea pigs exposed to 677.4 mg/m(3) or 846.5 mg/m(3) (1.2 LCt(50)) sarin for 4 min using a microinstillation inhalation exposure technique and treated 1 min later with the aerosolized therapeutics. Treatment with all therapeutics significantly increased the survival rate with no convulsions throughout the 24 h study period. Blood AChE activity determined using acetylthiocholine as substrate showed 20% activity remaining in sarin-exposed animals compare to controls. In aerosolized AMB and scopolamine-treated animals the remaining AChE activity was significantly higher (45-60%) compared to sarin-exposed animals (p < 0.05). Similarly, treatment with all the combination therapeutics resulted in significant increase in blood AChE activity in comparison to sarin-exposed animals although the increases varied between treatments (p < 0.05). BChE activity was increased after treatment with aerosolized therapeutics but was lesser in magnitude compared to AChE activity changes. Various tissues showed elevated AChE activity after therapeutic treatment of sarin-exposed animals. Increased AChE and BChE activities in animals treated with nasal therapeutics suggest that enhanced breathing and reduced respiratory toxicity/lung injury possibly contribute to rapid normalization of chemical warfare nerve agent inhibited cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus M Che
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Perkins MW, Pierre Z, Rezk P, Song J, Oguntayo S, Morthole V, Sciuto AM, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. Protective Effects of Aerosolized Scopolamine Against Soman-Induced Acute Respiratory Toxicity in Guinea Pigs. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:639-49. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581811415874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protective efficacy of the antimuscarinic agent scopolamine was evaluated against soman (o-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate [GD])-induced respiratory toxicity in guinea pigs. Anesthetized animals were exposed to GD (841 mg/m3) by microinstillation inhalation exposure and treated 30 seconds later with endotracheally aerosolized scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg) and allowed to recover for 24 hours. Treatment with scopolamine significantly increased survival and reduced clinical signs of toxicity and body weight loss in GD-exposed animals. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed normalization of GD-induced increased cell death, total cell count, and protein following scopolamine treatment. The BAL fluid acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase levels were also increased by scopolamine treatment. Respiratory dynamics parameters were normalized at 4 and 24 hours post–GD exposure in scopolamine-treated animals. Lung histology showed that scopolamine treatment reduced bronchial epithelial and subepithelial inflammation and multifocal alveolar septal edema. These results suggest that aerosolized scopolamine considerably protects against GD-induced respiratory toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Perkins
- Medical/Analytical Toxicology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Zdenka Pierre
- Medical/Analytical Toxicology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Peter Rezk
- Medical/Analytical Toxicology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Jian Song
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Oguntayo
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Venee Morthole
- Department of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alfred M. Sciuto
- Medical/Analytical Toxicology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Bhupendra P. Doctor
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Madhusoodana P. Nambiar
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Che MM, Chanda S, Song J, Doctor BP, Rezk PE, Sabnekar P, Perkins MW, Sciuto AM, Nambiar MP. Aerosolized scopolamine protects against microinstillation inhalation toxicity to sarin in guinea pigs. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 21:463-72. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.562258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Valiyaveettil M, Alamneh Y, Rezk P, Perkins MW, Sciuto AM, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. Recombinant paraoxonase 1 protects against sarin and soman toxicity following microinstillation inhalation exposure in guinea pigs. Toxicol Lett 2011; 202:203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Perkins MW, Pierre Z, Rezk P, Song J, Oguntayo S, Sciuto AM, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. Acute Changes in Pulmonary Function Following Microinstillation Inhalation Exposure to Soman in Nonatropenized Guinea Pigs. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:348-57. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810397960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Barometric whole-body plethysmography (WBP) was used to examine pulmonary functions at 4 and 24 hours postexposure to soman (GD) in guinea pigs without therapeutics to improve survival. Endotracheal aerosolization by microinstillation was used to administer GD (280, 561, and 841 mg/m3) or saline to anesthetized guinea pigs. Significant increases in respiratory frequency (RF), tidal volume (TV), and minute volume (MV) were observed with 841 mg/m3 GD at 4 hours and that were reduced at 24 hours postexposure. A dose-dependent increase in peak inspiration flow and peak expiration flow was present at 4-hour post-GD exposure that was reduced at 24 hours. Time of inspiration and expiration were decreased in all doses of GD exposure at 4 and 24 hours, with significant inhibition at 841 mg/m3. End-expiratory pause (EEP) increased at 280 and 561 mg/m3, but decreased in animals exposed 841 mg/m3 at 24 hours postexposure. Pseudo-lung resistance (Penh) and pause followed similar patterns and increased at 4 hours, but decreased at 24 hours postexposure to 841 mg/m3 of GD compared to control. These studies indicate GD exposure induces dose-dependent changes in pulmonary function that are significant at 841 mg/m3 at 4 hours and remains 24 hours postexposure. Furthermore, at 4 hours, GD induces bronchoconstriction possibly due to copious airway secretion and ongoing lung injury in addition to cholinergic effects, while at 24 hours GD induces bronchodilation a possible consequence of initial compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Perkins
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Zdenka Pierre
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Peter Rezk
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Jian Song
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Oguntayo
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alfred M. Sciuto
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | | | - Madhusoodana P. Nambiar
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Valiyaveettil M, Alamneh Y, Rezk P, Biggemann L, Perkins MW, Sciuto AM, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. Protective efficacy of catalytic bioscavenger, paraoxonase 1 against sarin and soman exposure in guinea pigs. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:800-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Misra A, Hickey AJ, Rossi C, Borchard G, Terada H, Makino K, Fourie PB, Colombo P. Inhaled drug therapy for treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Acute respiratory toxicity following inhalation exposure to soman in guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 245:171-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Conti ML, Che MM, Boylan M, Sciuto AM, Gordon RK, Nambiar MP. Acute microinstillation inhalation exposure to sarin induces changes in respiratory dynamics and functions in guinea pigs. Int J Toxicol 2010; 28:436-47. [PMID: 19815847 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809344879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the toxic effects of sarin on respiratory dynamics following microinstillation inhalation exposure in guinea pigs. Animals are exposed to sarin for 4 minutes, and respiratory functions are monitored at 4 hours and 24 hours by whole-body barometric plethysmography. Data show significant changes in respiratory dynamics and function following sarin exposure. An increase in respiratory frequency is observed at 4 hours post exposure compared with saline controls. Tidal volume and minute volume are also increased in sarin-exposed animals 4 hours after exposure. Peak inspiratory flow increases, whereas peak expiratory flow increases at 4 hours and is erratic following sarin exposure. Animals exposed to sarin show a significant decrease in expiratory time and inspiratory time. End-inspiratory pause is unchanged whereas end-expiratory pause is slightly decreased 24 hours after sarin exposure. These results indicate that inhalation exposure to sarin alters respiratory dynamics and function at 4 hours, with return to normal levels at 24 hours post exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Conti
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Edgewood, MD, USA
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Chanda S, Song J, Rezk P, Sabnekar P, Doctor BP, Sciuto AM, Nambiar MP. Gastrointestinal acetylcholinesterase activity following endotracheal microinstillation inhalation exposure to sarin in guinea pigs. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:309-11. [PMID: 20227400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition at different regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract following inhalation exposure to nerve agent sarin. Seven major regions of the GI tract were removed from saline control animals (n=3) and 677.4 mg/m(3) sarin-exposed animals at 4h (n=4) and 24h (n=4) post-exposure. AChE activity was determined in blood and homogenized tissue supernatant by specific Ellman's assay using Iso-OMPA, a BChE inhibitor, and expressed as activity/optical density of hemoglobin for blood and activity/mg protein for tissues. Our data showed that the AChE activity was significantly decreased for groups both 4h and 24h post-sarin exposure. Among the seven chosen regions of the guinea pig GI tract, duodenum showed the highest AChE activity in control animals. The AChE activity was significantly decreased in the stomach (p=0.03), duodenum (p=0.029), jejunum (p=0.006), and ileum (p=0.006) 4h following sarin exposure. At 24h post-sarin exposure the AChE activity of duodenum (p=0.029) and ileum (p=0.006) was significantly inhibited. Esophagus showed no inhibition following sarin exposure at both 4h and 24h groups. These results suggest that the AChE activity is different in different regions of the GI tract and highest levels of AChE inhibition following sarin exposure were seen in regions exhibiting higher overall AChE activity and cholinergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Chanda
- Division of Brain Dysfunction and Blast Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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