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Hartog MA, Lewandowski RJ, Hofmann CS, Melber AA, Rothwell CC, Sherman K, Andres J, Tressler JA, Sciuto AM, Wong B, Hoard-Fruchey HM. Transcriptomic Characterization of Inhalation Phosphine Toxicity in Adult Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2032-2044. [PMID: 34427094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) is a highly toxic, corrosive, flammable, heavier-than-air gas that is a commonly used fumigant. When used as a fumigant, PH3 can be released from compressed gas tanks or produced from commercially available metal phosphide tablets. Although the mechanism of toxicity is unclear, PH3 is thought to be a metabolic poison. PH3 exposure induces multiorgan toxicity, and no effective antidotes or therapeutics have been identified. Current medical treatment consists largely of supportive care and maintenance of cardiovascular function. To better characterize the mechanism(s) driving PH3-induced toxicity, we have performed transcriptomic analysis on conscious adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following whole-body inhalation exposure to phosphine gas at various concentration-time products. PH3 exposure induced concentration- and time-dependent changes in gene expression across multiple tissues. These gene expression changes were mapped to pathophysiological responses using molecular pathway analysis. Toxicity pathways indicative of cardiac dysfunction, cardiac arteriopathy, and cardiac enlargement were identified. These cardiotoxic responses were linked to apelin-mediated cardiomyocyte and cardiac fibroblast signaling pathways. Evaluation of gene expression changes in blood revealed alterations in pathways associated with the uptake, transport, and utilization of iron. Altered erythropoietin signaling was also observed in the blood. Upstream regulator analysis identified several therapeutics predicted to counteract PH3-induced gene expression changes. These include antihypertensive drugs (losartan, candesartan, and prazosin) and therapeutics to reduce pathological cardiac remodeling (curcumin and TIMP3). This transcriptomics study has characterized molecular pathways involved in PH3-induced cardiotoxicity. These data will aid in elucidating a precise mechanism of toxicity for PH3 and guide the development of effective medical countermeasures for PH3-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hartog
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Rebecca J Lewandowski
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Christopher S Hofmann
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Ashley A Melber
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Cristin C Rothwell
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Katherine Sherman
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Jaclynn Andres
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Justin A Tressler
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Alfred M Sciuto
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Benjamin Wong
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Heidi M Hoard-Fruchey
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
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Niknahad H, Heidari R, Hashemi A, Jamshidzadeh A, Rashedinia M. Antidotal effect of dihydroxyacetone against phosphine poisoning in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22897. [PMID: 34448514 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3 ) is widely used as an insecticide and rodenticide. On the contrary, many cases of PH3 poisoning have been reported worldwide. Unfortunately, there is no specific antidote against PH3 toxicity. Disruption of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism is a well-known mechanism of PH3 cytotoxicity. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is an adenosine triphosphate supplying agent which significantly improves mitochondrial function. The current study was designed to evaluate DHA's effect on inhalational PH3 poisoning in an animal model. DHA was injected into BALB/c mice before and/or after the start of the PH3 inhalation. The cytochrome c oxidase activity was assessed in the animals' brain, heart, and liver exposed to PH3 (for 15, 30, and 60 min, with and without the antidote). The LC50 of PH3 was calculated to be 18.02 (15.42-20.55) ppm over 2 h of exposure. Pretreatment of DHA (1 or 2 g/kg) increased the LC50 of PH3 by about 1.6- or 3-fold, respectively. Posttreatment with DHA (2 g/kg) increased the LC50 of PH3 by about 1.4-fold. PH3 inhibited the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in the assessed organs. It was found that DHA treatment restored mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. These findings suggested that DHA could be an effective antidote for PH3 poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asieh Hashemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Tuet WY, Pierce SA, Racine MC, Stone S, Pueblo E, Dukes A, Tressler J, Jennings L, McCranor BJ, Wong B. Cardiopulmonary effects of phosphine poisoning: A preliminary evaluation of milrinone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 427:115652. [PMID: 34298059 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to phosphine (PH3) presents with a host of diverse, non-specific symptoms that span multiple organ systems and is characterized by a high mortality rate. While a comprehensive mechanism for PH3 poisoning remains inconclusive, prior studies have implicated cardiac failure and circulatory compromise as potential pathways central to PH3-induced mortality. In this study, milrinone (MLR), a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor used to treat cardiac failure, was investigated as a potential countermeasure for PH3 poisoning. Lethality, physiological responses, and behavioral changes were evaluated in telemetrized female rats pretreated with water (sham) or one of three doses of MLR (40, 200, or 600 μg/kg) and exposed to PH3 (660 ppm for 25-40 min; 16,500-26,400 ppm × min). Animals receiving prophylactic administration of 600 μg/kg of MLR had nominally improved survivability compared to sham animals, although median lethal concentration-time and time of death did not differ substantially between treatment groups. Changes in respiration and behavior induced by PH3 appeared largely unaffected by MLR pretreatment, regardless of dose. Conversely, MLR pretreatment alleviated some aspects of PH3-induced cardiac function impairment, with slight dose-dependent effects observed for cardiac contractility, mean arterial pressure, and QRS duration. Together, these results illustrate the importance of circulatory compromise in PH3 poisoning and highlight the potential viability of MLR as a potential countermeasure option or part of a countermeasure regimen when administered prophylactically at 600 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y Tuet
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Samuel A Pierce
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Michelle C Racine
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Samuel Stone
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Erin Pueblo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Aliyah Dukes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Justin Tressler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Laura Jennings
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Bryan J McCranor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Benjamin Wong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
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Tuet WY, Racine MC, Jennings L, Pierce SA, Tressler J, McCranor BJ, Wong B. A sex‐balanced rodent model for evaluating phosphine inhalation toxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:168-179. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y. Tuet
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Michelle C. Racine
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Laura Jennings
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Samuel A. Pierce
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Justin Tressler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Bryan J. McCranor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Benjamin Wong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
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Garrett KK, Frawley KL, Carpenter Totoni S, Bae Y, Peterson J, Pearce LL. Antidotal Action of Some Gold(I) Complexes toward Phosphine Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1310-1316. [PMID: 31070361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) poisoning continues to be a serious problem worldwide, for which there is no antidote currently available. An invertebrate model for examining potential toxicants and their putative antidotes has been used to determine if a strategy of using Au(I) complexes as phosphine-scavenging compounds may be antidotally beneficial. When Galleria mellonella larvae (or wax worms) were subjected to phosphine exposures of 4300 (±700) ppm·min over a 20 min time span, they became immobile (paralyzed) for ∼35 min. The administration of Au(I) complexes auro-sodium bisthiosulfate (AuTS), aurothioglucose (AuTG), and sodium aurothiomalate (AuTM) 5 min prior to phosphine exposure resulted in a drastic reduction in the recovery time (0-4 min). When the putative antidotes were given 10 min after the phosphine exposure, all the antidotes were therapeutic, resulting in mean recovery times of 14, 17, and 19 min for AuTS, AuTG, and AuTM, respectively. Since AuTS proved to be the best therapeutic agent in the G. mellonella model, it was subsequently tested in mice using a behavioral assessment (pole-climbing test). Mice given AuTS (50 mg/kg) 5 min prior to a 3200 (±500) ppm·min phosphine exposure exhibited behavior comparable to mice not exposed to phosphine. However, when mice were given a therapeutic dose of AuTS (50 mg/kg) 1 min after a similar phosphine exposure, only a very modest improvement in performance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Garrett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Samantha Carpenter Totoni
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Yookyung Bae
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health , The University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15219 , United States
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