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Schmidt SA, Ahn C. Analysis of soil color variables and their relationships between two field-based methods and its potential application for wetland soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147005. [PMID: 33872901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While the Munsell Soil Color Chart (MSCC) is the most frequently used, well-established field method for reading soil color, the Nix Color Sensor (NCS) is an inexpensive, app-based alternative that can complement or potentially substitute for the MSCC. Soils were collected and their colors were measured from four forested sites across Northern Virginia within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed using both the MSCC and NCS. Three MSCC variables and 15 NCS variables were collected in the field; a methodology was established to use these "measured" (M) variables to derive 9 NCS calculated (C) variables. A stepwise correlation identified NCS variables most suitable for relating the NCS to each of the MSCC attributes: hue (H), value (V), and chroma (CM). Ultimately, H, V, and CM were deemed to be best represented by HRGB calculated from the RGB color space (ρ = 0.56), L from the CIE-Lab color space (ρ = 0.73), and ẑ = Z/(X + Y + Z) from the XYZ color space (ρ = -0.80), respectively (p < 0.001). The corresponding explanatory powers of final NCS variables (i.e., HRGB, L, and ẑ) for H, V, and CM were 26%, 54%, and 62%, respectively (p <0.01). Significant differences in ẑ between soils identified as hydric and nonhydric, but lack of nonoverlapping ranges, indicate a potential for the NCS to complement the MSCC in assessing wetland soil color in an accessible and reproducible manner, including hydric soil identifications for wetland delineation practices. Further study with more data over various types of soils is necessary to establish stronger relationships between the NCS and MSCC. Nonetheless, the method of characterizing soil color variables from the two field methods presented in the study can serve as a template for future studies or environmental education programs desiring to use the NCS as a complement to the MSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Schmidt
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS5F2, Fairfax, VA 22030-444, United States of America
| | - Changwoo Ahn
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS5F2, Fairfax, VA 22030-444, United States of America.
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Kinetics and Mechanistic Studies of Photochemical and Oxidative Stability of Galaxolide. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies on kinetics of galaxolide (HHCB) degradation under influence of UV, simulated sunlight and some advanced oxidation processes (H2O2, UV/H2O2, and Vis/H2O2) were conducted. Galaxolide appeared to be a photolabile compound. The first-order kinetics model was assumed for all studied processes. It was observed that basic pH favored HHCB degradation. The influence of natural matrices (river water and artificial sweat) on direct photolysis of HHCB was examined. It was stated that the process of the photodegradation proceeded slower at the presence of each matrix. HHCB lactone was identified using the GC-MS technique. The recorded chromatograms showed that apart from the lactone, other degradation products were formed that we could not identify. In order to deeper understand the HHCB degradation process, DFT calculations were performed. The results pointed out that OH radicals play a key role in HHCB decomposition, which mainly proceeds via H abstractions as well as OH additions. It follows from the calculations that the visible light is sufficient to initiate the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) under the oxidative conditions, whereas UV irradiation is needed to start decay with no oxidative agents.
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Caillaud D, Annesi-Maesano I, Bourin A, Chinet T, Colette A, De Blay F, Dixsaut G, Housset B, Kleinpeter J, Malherbe L, Roussel I, Dalphin JC, Charpin D. [Outdoor pollution and its effects on lung health in France. Expert document from the Groupe Pathologies pulmonaires professionnelles environnementales et iatrogéniques (PAPPEI) of the Société de pneumologie de langue française (SPLF)]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:1150-1183. [PMID: 31676143 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Caillaud
- Service de pneumologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inra, université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - I Annesi-Maesano
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, Institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (IPLESP UMR S 1136), épidémiologie des maladies allergiques et respiratoires, faculté de médecine Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - A Bourin
- Sciences de l'atmosphère et génie de l'environnement, IMT, Lille, 59650 Douai, France
| | - T Chinet
- Service de pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, CHU Ambroise-Paré, université de Versailles SQY, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - A Colette
- Unité de modélisation atmosphérique et de cartographie environnementale, INERIS, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - F De Blay
- Pôle de pathologie thoracique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Fédération de médecine translationnelle, université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - G Dixsaut
- Service de physiologie explorations fonctionnelles, hôpital Cochin Hôtel Dieu et Fondation du Souffle contre les maladies respiratoires, 75014 Paris, France
| | - B Housset
- Service de pneumologie et pathologie professionnelle, centre hospitalier intercommunal de Créteil, département hospitalo-universitaire A-TVB, unité Inserm 955, Institut santé travail Paris-Est, université Paris-Est, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - J Kleinpeter
- Association agréée de Surveillance de la qualité de l'Air de la région Grand Est (ATMO Grand Est), 5, rue de Madrid, 67300 Schiltigheim, France; Association de surveillance de la pollution atmosphérique en Alsace (ASPA), 5, rue de Madrid, 67300 Schiltigheim, France
| | - L Malherbe
- Unité de modélisation atmosphérique et de cartographie environnementale, INERIS, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - I Roussel
- Faculté de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - J-C Dalphin
- Service de pneumologie, CHU de Besançon, UMR CNRS 6249 chrono-environnement, université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - D Charpin
- Unité de pneumologie, groupe hospitalier de la Timone, Aix-Marseille université et Association pour la prévention de la pollution atmosphérique, 13000 Marseille, France
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