REM sleep deprivation impairs muscle regeneration in rats

Cannabidiol for musculoskeletal regenerative medicine

Chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is one of the most prevalent causes, which lead patients to a physician's office. The most common disorders affecting MSK structures are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, and myofascial pain syndrome, which are all responsible for major pain and physical disability. Although there are many known management strategies currently in practice, phytotherapeutic compounds have recently begun to rise in the medical community, especially cannabidiol (CBD). This natural, non-intoxicating molecule derived from the cannabis plant has shown interesting results in many preclinical studies and some clinical settings. CBD plays vital roles in human health that go well beyond the classic immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive properties. Recent studies demonstrated that CBD also improves cell proliferation and migration, especially in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The foremost objective of this review article is to discuss the therapeutic potential of CBD in the context of MSK regenerative medicine. Numerous studies listed in the literature indicate that CBD possesses a significant capacity to modulate mammalian tissue to attenuate and reverse the notorious hallmarks of chronic musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The most of the research included in this review report common findings like immunomodulation and stimulation of cell activity associated with tissue regeneration, especially in human MSCs. CBD is considered safe and well tolerated as no serious adverse effects were reported. CBD promotes many positive effects which can manage detrimental alterations brought on by chronic MSDs. Since the application of CBD for MSK health is still undergoing expansion, additional randomized clinical trials are warranted to further clarify its efficacy and to understand its cellular mechanisms.

Less daytime sleepiness and slow wave activity during sleep predict better physical readiness in military personnel

BACKGROUND

Military personnel must maintain physical performance despite exposure to operational stressors such as sleep loss, caloric restriction and high cognitive load. Habitual sleep and specific sleep features are positively associated with fitness and may contribute to physical performance in operational settings. Further, by affecting muscle recovery, sleep may contribute to the ability to maintain performance across multiple days of exposure to operational stressors.

OBJECTIVES

We examined the role of individual differences in baseline sleep on baseline physical performance and on change in physical performance throughout exposure to simulated military operational stress (SMOS).

METHODS

Military personnel (36 male, 9 female, 26.3 ± 5.3 years) completed a 5-day SMOS protocol during which they completed a tactical mobility test daily. Sleep questionnaires were administered at intake and sleep was monitored each night with polysomnography. Lasso regressions were used to identify meaningful predictors of physical performance at baseline and of change in physical performance across SMOS.

RESULTS

Better aerobic fitness, lower daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and lower absolute slow wave activity (0.5-4 Hz) predicted better physical performance at baseline (66.1% of variance explained), but did not relate to changes in performance.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, higher daytime sleepiness and slow wave activity may reflect more chronic exposure to insufficient sleep and higher baseline sleep drive, which in turn led to compromised physical performance. The findings suggest that low self-report sleepiness and low objective slow wave activity may reflect two quantifiable markers of healthy sleep behaviors that have implications for operational performance.

Lower serum insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations in patients with chronic insomnia disorder

Objectives

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a crucial neurotrophin that is produced in the brain and periphery and may play an important role in insomnia and mood disorders. We aimed to analyze its serum concentrations in patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID).

Methods

Patients with CID were enrolled in this study and divided into the CID group [Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) score < 10] and the CID with anxiety group (GAD-7 score ≥ 10). Age-and sex-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as controls. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality and the GAD-7 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to assess emotional status. All subjects were monitored via polysomnography, and the serum IGF-1 concentrations in their peripheral blood were detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

We enrolled 65 patients with CID (of whom 35 had anxiety) and 36 controls. The PSQI score and IGF-1 concentration in the CID and CID with anxiety groups were higher than those in the control group. The apparent difference in IGF-1 concentration between the CID and CID with anxiety groups was not statistically significant. The IGF-1 concentration in patients with CID was linearly correlated with the GAD-7 score, PSQI score, and stage 3 non-rapid eye movement (stage N3) time.

Conclusion

The serum IGF-1 concentration in patients with CID was lower than that of participants without CID, negatively correlated with anxiety score and sleep quality, and positively correlated with stage N3 time.

Resistance Training Improves Sleep and Anti-Inflammatory Parameters in Sarcopenic Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Sleep and exercise have an important role in the development of several inflammation-related diseases, including sarcopenia. Objective: To investigate the effects of 12 weeks of resistance exercise training on sleep and inflammatory status in sarcopenic patients. Methods: A randomized controlled trial comparing resistance exercise training (RET) with a control (CTL) was conducted. Outcomes were obtained by physical tests, polysomnography, questionnaires, isokinetic/isometric dynamometry tests, and biochemical analysis. Results: Time to sleep onset (sleep latency) was reduced in the RET group compared to the CTL group (16.09 ± 15.21 vs. 29.98 ± 16.09 min; p = 0.04) after the intervention. The percentage of slow-wave sleep (N3 sleep) was increased in the RET group (0.70%, CI: 7.27−16.16 vs. −4.90%, CI: 7.06−16.70; p = 0.04) in an intention to treat analysis. Apnea/hour was reduced in the RET group (16.82 ± 14.11 vs. 7.37 ± 7.55; p = 0.001) and subjective sleep quality was improved compared to the CTL (−1.50; CI: 2.76−6.14 vs. 0.00; CI: 1.67−3.84 p = 0.02) in an intention-to-treat analysis. Levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) (2.13 ± 0.80 vs. 2.51 ± 0.99; p < 0.03) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) (0.99 ± 0.10 vs. 0.99 ± 0.10 ng/mL; p < 0.04; delta variation) were increased in the RET group. Conclusions: RET improves sleep parameters linked to muscle performance, possibly due to an increase in anti-inflammatory markers in older sarcopenic patients.

Exercise, Diet and Sleeping as Regenerative Medicine Adjuvants: Obesity and Ageing as Illustrations

Regenerative medicine uses the biological and medical knowledge on how the cells and tissue regenerate and evolve in order to develop novel therapies. Health conditions such as ageing, obesity and cancer lead to an impaired regeneration ability. Exercise, diet choices and sleeping pattern have significant impacts on regeneration biology via diverse pathways including reducing the inflammatory and oxidative components. Thus, exercise, diet and sleeping management can be optimized towards therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. It could allow to prevent degeneration, optimize the biological regeneration and also provide adjuvants for regenerative medicine.

Effect of a Recliner Chair with Rocking Motions on Sleep Efficiency

In this study, we analyze the effect of a recliner chair with rocking motions on sleep quality of naps using automated sleep scoring and spindle detection models. The quality of sleep corresponding to the two rocking motions was measured quantitatively and qualitatively. For the quantitative evaluation, we conducted a sleep parameter analysis based on the results of the estimated sleep stages obtained on the brainwave and spindle estimation, and a sleep survey assessment from the participants was analyzed for the qualitative evaluation. The analysis showed that sleep in the recliner chair with rocking motions positively increased the duration of the spindles and deep sleep stage, resulting in improved sleep quality.

How does sleep help recovery from exercise-induced muscle injuries?

OBJECTIVES

Athletes and military personnel may experience sleep disturbances due to conditions of training and competitions or military missions/field operations. The risk of muscle injuries is greater for them when sleep duration decreases, and training load increases simultaneously, which can be exacerbated by fatigue. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that sleep extension improved performance, pain sensitivity and GH/IGF-I anabolic responses, which may be beneficial in accelerating recovery from muscle injuries.

DESIGN & METHODS

This narrative review describes the importance of sleep for the recovery/prevention of exercise-induced muscle injuries and provides perspectives on the transferability of currently available scientific evidence to the field.

RESULTS

The first part presents the role of sleep and its interaction with the circadian system for the regulation of hormonal and immune responses, and provides information on sleep in athletes and soldiers and its relationship to injury risk. The second part is an overview of muscle injuries in sport and presents the different phases of muscle regeneration and repair, i.e. degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, remodeling and maturation. Part three provides information on the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation on muscle tissue and biological responses, and on the benefits of sleep interventions. Sleep extension could potentially help and/or prevent recovery from exercise-induced muscle-injuries through increasing local IGF-I and controlling local inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the science of sleep applied to sport is still an emerging field, the current scientific literature shows many potential physiological pathways between sleep and exercise-related muscle injuries. More direct studies are needed to establish clear guidelines for medical personnel and coaches.

Sleep Deprivation Interferes with JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway and Myogenesis in the Masseter Muscle of Rats

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to study the Janus kinase/tyrosine kinase-activated transduction factor (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway and myogenesis on the masseter muscle after sleep deprivation and to investigate the role of stress in this scenario.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 18 male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control (n = 6): animals were not submitted to any procedures, and paradoxical sleep deprivation and vehicle (PSD + V; n = 6): animals were subjected to PSD for 96 h and (PSD + MET; n = 6): animals were subjected to PSD for 96 h with administration of metyrapone. Paradoxical sleep deprivation was performed by the modified multiple platforms method. Histopathological analysis, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry were performed.

RESULTS

The results showed the presence of inflammatory infiltrate in the PSD + V and PSD + MET groups and atrophy. Histomorphometry showed that the cellular profile area decreased, while cellular density increased in both experimental groups. Expression of p-STAT 3, MyoD, and MyoG increased in the PSD + V group, while the PSD + MET group showed increased expression of IL-6 and p-STAT 3.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that sleep deprivation induces an inflammatory response and atrophy in the masseter muscle of rats.

Differential Gene Expression in Brain and Liver Tissue of Wistar Rats after Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation

Sleep is essential for the survival of most living beings. Numerous researchers have identified a series of genes that are thought to regulate "sleep-state" or the "deprived state". As sleep has a significant effect on physiology, we believe that lack of total sleep, or particularly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, for a prolonged period would have a profound impact on various body tissues. Therefore, using the microarray method, we sought to determine which genes and processes are affected in the brain and liver of rats following nine days of REM sleep deprivation. Our findings showed that REM sleep deprivation affected a total of 652 genes in the brain and 426 genes in the liver. Only 23 genes were affected commonly, 10 oppositely, and 13 similarly across brain and liver tissue. Our results suggest that nine-day REM sleep deprivation differentially affects genes and processes in the brain and liver of rats.

Sleep in honey bees is affected by the herbicide glyphosate

Sleep plays an essential role in both neural and energetic homeostasis of animals. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) manifest the sleep state as a reduction in muscle tone and antennal movements, which is susceptible to physical or chemical disturbances. This social insect is one of the most important pollinators in agricultural ecosystems, being exposed to a great variety of agrochemicals, which might affect its sleep behaviour. The intake of glyphosate (GLY), the herbicide most widely used worldwide, impairs learning, gustatory responsiveness and navigation in honey bees. In general, these cognitive abilities are linked with the amount and quality of sleep. Furthermore, it has been reported that animals exposed to sleep disturbances show impairments in both metabolism and memory consolidation. Consequently, we assessed the sleep pattern of bees fed with a sugar solution containing GLY (0, 25, 50 and 100 ng) by quantifying their antennal activity during the scotophase. We found that the ingestion of 50 ng of GLY decreased both antennal activity and sleep bout frequency. This sleep deepening after GLY intake could be explained as a consequence of the regenerative function of sleep and the metabolic stress induced by the herbicide.

WAS POSTPONING THE TOKYO 2020 OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES A CORRECT DECISION?

ABSTRACT In December 2019, Wuhan, in China, attracted international attention due to a pneumonia outbreak caused by the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Infection by 2019-nCoV is more likely in elderly people with comorbidities or with associated chronic diseases. Due to the high transmission rate among humans, this disease is rapidly disseminated, which led to several events being canceled, including the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The aim of this article is to discuss the risk factors for Olympic and Paralympic athletes, as well as for spectators, that justify the decision to postpone the Tokyo Games 2020. Regular physical exercise is associated with health and the prevention of chronic diseases. Although athletes generally appear to be healthy and physically fit, this may not be true. The immune system, which protects the organism from invasive microorganisms, can be affected by the duration and quality of sleep, as well as by physical exercise which influences the quality of the immune response. High volumes of high-intensity physical exercise, as well as changes in sleep patterns during the pre-competition period and the impacts of jet lag on athletes traveling for the Tokyo Games in 2020 may lead to immune system suppression, making these groups more vulnerable to infection by 2019-nCoV. Moreover, during the period planned for the games in 2020 the pandemic may be subsiding in some countries and increasing in others, and this was also taken into consideration as a risk factor. Hence, the decision taken to postpone the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games until 2021 due to the 2019-nCoV was the correct one, and was extremely important to protect the health of Olympic and Paralympic athletes, as well as spectators. Level of evidence V; expert opinion .

Sleep debt induces skeletal muscle injuries in athletes: A promising hypothesis

Sleep is a physiological state and it is fundamental for physical and cognitive recovery of athletes. Due to strenuous training and competitions, athletes may present sleep complaints compromising good quality and quantity of sleep. Studies have related sleep debt to the occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries in athletes, but the mechanisms that can lead to this are not entirely clear. Studies involving animals and humans have shown that poor sleep quality can cause significant changes in hormones and cytokines. Demonstrating that this hormones changes lead to a decrease of testosterone and growth hormone levels and increased cortisol levels, important hormones in the process of protein synthesis and degradation. In athletes, the sport itself is a risk factor of injuries, and sleep debt may result in overtraining syndrome associated with inflammatory markers and ultimately to immune system dysfunction. Thus, we hypothesize that athletes who have sleep debt are more susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries due to increased catabolic pathway signaling, i.e. protein degradation and decreased anabolic pathway signaling, compromising muscle integrity. In this sense, we indicate the relationship between musculoskeletal injuries and sleep debt involving new targets for immunological signaling pathways that start the reduction of the muscle recovery process.

Sleep duration is associated with vitamin D deficiency in older women living in Macao, China: A pilot cross-sectional study

Chinese women are known to have both a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) <50 nmol/l). Associations between sleep duration and circulating 25OHD have recently been reported but, to our knowledge, these associations have not been studied in older Chinese populations. We thus investigated whether sleep duration was associated with vitamin D status in a population from Macao, China, and whether sleep duration modified the association between MetS and vitamin D deficiency. In 207 older (>55 years) Macanese, anthropometry, blood samples and validated questionnaires, including sleep duration and cardiovascular risk factors, were simultaneously collected. On multivariable categorical analyses, those women, not men, who had short sleep duration (≤6 hours (h)) were at a 2-fold risk for vitamin D deficiency (both <50 nmol/L and <37 nmol/L; OR = 1.94, 95%CI 1.29–2.92; OR = 2.05, 95%CI 1.06–3.98, respectively) and those who had longer sleep duration (>8 h) were 3-fold more likely to have vitamin D deficiency (OR = 3.07, 95%CI 1.47–6.39; OR = 2.75, 95%CI 1.08–7.00, respectively) compared to those with normal sleep duration (6–8 h). Both women and men with MetS were 2-fold more likely to have vitamin D deficiency (women: OR = 2.04, 95%CI 1.31–3.17; OR = 2.15, 95%CI 1.11–4.17, respectively; men: OR = 2.01, 95%CI 1.23–3.28; OR = 2.04, 95%CI 1.00–4.29, respectively). Moreover, women with both short sleep duration and MetS had an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency (OR = 3.26, 95%CI 1.10–9.64). These associations were not found in those with longer sleep. Men with longer sleep and MetS had a 5-fold risk of vitamin D deficiency (OR = 5.22; 95%CI 2.70–10.12). This association was non-significant for men with shorter sleep. We conclude that both short and long sleep duration were associated with vitamin D deficiency in older Chinese women. Further research is needed in larger cohorts or with intervention studies to further examine the associations between reduced sleep, metabolic syndrome and vitamin D deficiency.

Paradoxical sleep deprivation induces differential biological response in rat masticatory muscles: Inflammation, autophagy and myogenesis

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sleep deprivation (SD) induces inflammation, autophagy and myogenesis in the following masticatory muscles: masseter and temporal.

METHODS

In this study, 18 animals were randomly distributed into three groups: control group (CTL, n = 6), SD for 96 hours (SD96, n = 6), and SD for 96 hours and more 96 hours of sleep recovery (SD96 + R, n = 6).

RESULTS

In the histopathological analysis, SD 96 was able to induce inflammation in masseter and temporal. Nevertheless, the lack of inflammatory process was evidenced to the masseter in the group SD96 + R. Upregulation of TNF-alpha production was detected in the SD96 group, while SD96 + R decreased TNF immunoexpression for both skeletal muscles evaluated. MyoD and myogenin increased in rats submitted to SD96. By contrast, the levels of MyoD decreased in the group SD96 + R. Myogenin pointed out high immunoexpression in SD96 + R groups. In temporal, pAkt decreased in animals submitted to SD96, but it increased in the group SD96 + R. The levels of LC3 protein increased in both skeletal muscles studied, and masseter decreased LC3 protein expression in the SD96 + R.

CONCLUSION

In summary, our results demonstrate that SD is able to induce inflammation, atrophy and myogenesis in rat masticatory muscles, being more intense in temporal when compared to masseter.

Rapid Eye Movement sleep deprivation of rat generates ROS in the hepatocytes and makes them more susceptible to oxidative stress

Background

Rapid Eye Movement sleep deprivation (REMSD) of rats causes inflammation of the liver and apoptotic cell death of neurons and hepatocytes. Studies also suggest that REM sleep deprivation can cause muscle as well as cardiac injury and neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective and methods

The aim of this research was to determine whether REM sleep deprivation of rats would increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hepatocytes and create oxidative stress in them. We selectively deprived the rats for REM sleep using the standard flower pot method.

Results

We observed that when rats were subjected to REM sleep deprivation, the levels of ROS in their hepatocytes increased ~184.33% compared to large platform control (LPC) group by day 9 of deprivation, but it returned towards normal level (~49.27%) after recovery sleep for 5 days. Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression and protein levels as determined by real-time PCR and western blot analysis respectively were found to be elevated in hepatocytes of REM sleep deprived rats as compared to the LPC group. The level of nitric oxide (NO) in the hepatocytes of REMSD rats also increased by ~404.40% as compared to the LPC group but sleep recovery for 5 days normalized the effect (~135.35% compared to LPC group). We used a large platform control group as a reference group to compare with the REM sleep deprived group as the effect on the hepatocytes of both LPC group and cage control groups were not significantly different.

Discussion

We have analyzed the oxidative stress generated in the hepatocytes of rats due to REM sleep deprivation and further consequences of it. REMS deprivation not only increased the levels of ROS in the hepatocytes but also induced iNOS and NO in them. REM sleep deprived hepatocytes became more susceptible to oxidative stresses on further exposures. Furthermore, our study has great pathological and physiological.