An optimized extraction technique for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from the Camellia japonica seed cake by using response surface methodology

Process Optimization Based on Biological Effects and Biomarker Contents of Camellia japonica L. for the Development of Anti-Hyperuricemic and Anti-Wrinkle Source

The purpose of this study was to simultaneously develop anti-hyperuricemic and anti-wrinkle source using Camellia japonica leaf (CJ). CJ extract was prepared. Its contents of biomarkers and biological activities were then analyzed. First, we investigated the extraction efficiency. The extraction rate was 10% or less with hot water or 80% ethanol. HPLC analysis revealed that CJ extract contained rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid (CGA), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), and phillygenin. As a result of measuring contents of biomarkers in the extract, CGA was detected in 20, 40, and 60% ethanol extracts. GCG showed the highest content in the hot water extract. Hyperoside and isoquercitrin showed the highest contents in the 80% ethanol extract. Philligenin showed an even content of 0.1% or more in all samples except for 40% ethanol extract. Rutin showed the highest content in 80% ethanol extract. Elastase inhibitory abilities of six extracts and PPRM were investigated at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Results revealed that PPRM and 80% ethanol extract showed about 80% and 62% inhibition, respectively. As a result of comparing elastase inhibitory activities of biomarkers, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and philligenin showed higher activities. Among six extracts, the extract that could be used as an anti-hyperuricemic source was 80% ethanol extract. When xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities of biomarkers were evaluated, rutin and hyperoside showed excellent activities. In particular, when XO activity was measured by mixing rutin and hyperoside with 80% ethanol extract, the same efficacy as 80% ethanol extract was obtained. It was predicted that 80% ethanol extract could be used simultaneously as an anti-hyperuricemic and anti-wrinkle source. Further studies are needed to determine anti-hyperuricemic activities of rutin and hyeproside in vivo.

Kaempferol tri- and tetrasaccharides from Camellia japonica seed cake and their inhibitory activities against matrix metalloproteinase-1 secretion using human dermal fibroblasts

Eight kaempferol oligosaccharides were isolated and identified from Camellia japonica seed cake. The chemical structures of the isolates were determined by using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA), one-dimensional (¹H and ¹³C), and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-¹H COSY, HSQC and HMBC), ESI-Q-TOF-MS, and optical rotation. To evaluate the anti-aging efficacy of kaempferol oligosaccharides for cosmetic use, the MMP-1 inhibitory effects of the isolates were studied using human dermal fibroblasts which were cultured in HaCaT cell-conditioned media. The MMP-1 inhibitory assay results revealed that kaempferol-3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside showed the most potent MMP-1 inhibitory activity. The basal level inhibition was 50 ppm, which indicated that C. japonica seed cake is a promising material for the development of anti-aging skin cosmetics.

Responsive Surface Methodology Optimizes Extraction Conditions of Industrial by-products, Camellia japonica Seed Cake

Background:

The central nervous system is easily damaged by oxidative stress due to high oxygen consumption and poor defensive capacity. Hence, multiple studies have demonstrated that inhibiting oxidative stress-induced damage, through an antioxidant-rich diet, might be a reasonable approach to prevent neurodegenerative disease.

Objective:

In the present study, response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the extraction for neuro-protective constituents of Camellia japonica byproducts.

Materials and Methods:

Rat pheochromocytoma cells were used to evaluate protective potential of Camellia japonica byproducts.

Results:

Optimum conditions were 33.84 min, 75.24%, and 75.82°C for time, ethanol concentration and temperature. Further, we demonstrated that major organic acid contents were significantly impacted by the extraction conditions, which may explain varying magnitude of protective potential between fractions.

Conclusions:

Given the paucity of information in regards to defatted C. japonica seed cake and their health promoting potential, our results herein provide interesting preliminary data for utilization of this byproduct from oil processing in both academic and industrial applications.

SUMMARY

Neuro-protective potential of C. japonica seed cake on cell viability was affected by extraction conditions

Extraction conditions effectively influenced on active constituents of C. japonica seed cake

Biological activity of C. japonica seed cake was optimized by the responsive surface methodology.

Abbreviations used: GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, PC12 cells: Pheochromocytoma, RSM: Response surface methodology.