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Venlet NV, Hettinga KA, Schebesta H, Bernaz N. Perspective: A Legal and Nutritional Perspective on the Introduction of Quinoa-Based Infant and Follow-on Formula in the EU. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1100-1107. [PMID: 33857283 PMCID: PMC8382516 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are vulnerable consumers and highly depend on dietary proteins for growth and development during their first months of life. Infant formula (IF) and follow-on formula (FOF) have been developed to meet these requirements, although few protein sources are currently allowed to be used. At the same time, allergies to these available protein sources are becoming more frequent. There is thus a need to explore alternative protein sources for infant nutrition. One alternative could be quinoa, which is a pseudocereal that is naturally free from gluten and has a high protein content and quality. This review assessed the composition, nutritional properties, and applicability of quinoa proteins for IF and FOF as well as the legal framework for their use in the European Union (EU). The protein quality of isolated quinoa proteins (IQPs) is relatively high compared with other plant-based proteins like rice. Besides, during the protein isolation process, unfavorable compounds are mostly removed, ensuring that the final product can comply with the maximum residue concentrations allowed. Overall, IF and FOF are strictly regulated under the Foods for Specific Groups (FSG) Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 and more research is needed before the introduction of IQP in such products is considered, but this review shows it has several promising features that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Vita Venlet
- Law Group, Wageningen University and Research,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Arthur Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and
Research, Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Hanna Schebesta
- Law Group, Wageningen University and Research,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Bernaz
- Law Group, Wageningen University and Research,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Jang CH, Oh J, Lim JS, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Fermented Soy Products: Beneficial Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030636. [PMID: 33803607 PMCID: PMC8003083 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented soybean products, such as cheonggukjang (Japanese natto), doenjang (soy paste), ganjang (soy sauce), and douchi, are widely consumed in East Asian countries and are major sources of bioactive compounds. The fermentation of cooked soybean with bacteria (Bacillus spp.) and fungi (Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp.) produces a variety of novel compounds, most of which possess health benefits. This review is focused on the preventive and ameliorative potential of fermented soy foods and their components to manage neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Jang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Jisun Oh
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.O.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Ji Sun Lim
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.O.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine Development, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan 38540, Korea;
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.O.); (J.S.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-5752; Fax: +82-53-950-6750
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Li MW, Wang Z, Jiang B, Kaga A, Wong FL, Zhang G, Han T, Chung G, Nguyen H, Lam HM. Impacts of genomic research on soybean improvement in East Asia. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1655-1678. [PMID: 31646364 PMCID: PMC7214498 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been commonly accepted that soybean domestication originated in East Asia. Although East Asia has the historical merit in soybean production, the USA has become the top soybean producer in the world since 1950s. Following that, Brazil and Argentina have been the major soybean producers since 1970s and 1990s, respectively. China has once been the exporter of soybean to Japan before 1990s, yet she became a net soybean importer as Japan and the Republic of Korea do. Furthermore, the soybean yield per unit area in East Asia has stagnated during the past decade. To improve soybean production and enhance food security in these East Asian countries, much investment has been made, especially in the breeding of better performing soybean germplasms. As a result, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea have become three important centers for soybean genomic research. With new technologies, the rate and precision of the identification of important genomic loci associated with desired traits from germplasm collections or mutants have increased significantly. Genome editing on soybean is also becoming more established. The year 2019 marked a new era for crop genome editing in the commercialization of the first genome-edited plant product, which is a high-oleic-acid soybean oil. In this review, we have summarized the latest developments in soybean breeding technologies and the remarkable progress in soybean breeding-related research in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Wah Li
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Zhili Wang
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Bingjun Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Akito Kaga
- Soybean and Field Crop Applied Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Fuk-Ling Wong
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
| | - Guohong Zhang
- Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Northwest Drought Crop Cultivation of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam 59626 Korea
| | - Henry Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China
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Srisawat P, Fukushima EO, Yasumoto S, Robertlee J, Suzuki H, Seki H, Muranaka T. Identification of oxidosqualene cyclases from the medicinal legume tree Bauhinia forficata: a step toward discovering preponderant α-amyrin-producing activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:352-366. [PMID: 31230357 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are widely distributed among plants of the legume family. However, most studies have focused on triterpenoids and their biosynthetic enzymes in model legumes. We evaluated the triterpenoid aglycones profile of the medicinal legume tree Bauhinia forficata by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Through transcriptome analyses, homology-based cloning, and heterologous expression, we discovered four oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) which are responsible for the diversity of triterpenols in B. forficata. We also investigated the effects of the unique motif TLCYCR on α-amyrin synthase activity. B. forficata highly accumulated α-amyrin. We discovered an OSC with a preponderant α-amyrin-producing activity, which accounted for at least 95% of the total triterpenols. We also discovered three other functional OSCs (BfOSC1, BfOSC2, and BfOSC4) that produce β-amyrin, germanicol, and cycloartenol. Furthermore, by replacing the unique motif TLCYCR from BfOSC3 with the MWCYCR motif, we altered the function of BfOSC3 such that it no longer produced α-amyrin. Our results provide new insights into OSC cyclization, which is responsible for the diversity of triterpenoid metabolites in B. forficata, a non-model legume plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisanee Srisawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, 150150, Ecuador
| | - Shuhei Yasumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jekson Robertlee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Research & Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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Chitisankul WT, Takada Y, Takahashi Y, Ito A, Itabashi M, Varanyanond W, Kikuchi A, Ishimoto M, Tsukamoto C. Saponin composition complexities in hypocotyls and cotyledons of nine soybean varieties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Rehman HM, Nawaz MA, Shah ZH, Yang SH, Chung G. Functional characterization of naturally occurring wild soybean mutant (sg-5) lacking astringent saponins using whole genome sequencing approach. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:148-156. [PMID: 29362093 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are one of the most highly accumulated groups of functional components in soybean (Glycine max) and the oxidative reactions during their biosynthesis are required for their aglycone diversity. Natural mutants of soyasaponins in wild soybean (Glycine soja) are valuable resources for establishing the soyasaponin biosynthesis pathway and breeding new soybean varieties. In this study, we investigated the genetic mechanism behind the absence of group A saponins in a Korean wild soybean mutant, CWS5095. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of CWS5095 identified four point mutations [Val6 → Asp, Ile231 → Thr, His294 → Gln, and Arg376 → Lys] in CYP72A69 (Glyma15g39090), which oxygenate the C-21 position of soyasapogenol B or other intermediates to produce soyasapogenol A, leading to group A saponin production. An in vitro enzyme activity assay of single-sited mutated clones indicated that the Arg376 > Lys mutation (a highly conserved mutation based on a nucleotide change from G → A at the 1,127th position) may lead to loss of gene function in the sg-5 mutant. A very high normalized expression value of 377 reads per kilo base per million (RPKM) of Glyma15g39090 in the hypocotyl axis at the early maturation seed-development stage confirmed their abundant presence in seed hypocotyls. A molecular dynamics analysis of the Arg376 > Lys mutation based on the CYP3A4 (a human CYP450) protein structure found that it was responsible for the increase in axis length toward the heme (active site), which is critically important for biological activity and ligand binding. Our results provide important information on how to eradicate bitter and astringent saponins in soybean by utilizing the reported mutation in Glyma15g39090, and its importance for seed hypocotyl development based on transcript abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mamoon Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Zahid Hussain Shah
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 550-749, South Korea.
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Teraishi M, Tojo Y, Yamada N, Okumoto Y. Identification of environmentally stable QTLs controlling Saponin content in Glycine max. BREEDING SCIENCE 2017; 67:123-128. [PMID: 28588388 PMCID: PMC5445963 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in plants. There are two major saponin precursors in soybean: soyasapogenol A, contributing to the undesirable taste, and soyasapogenol B, some of which have health benefits. It is important to control the ratio and content of the two major saponin groups to enhance the appeal of soybean as a health food. The structural diversity of saponin in the sugar chain composition makes it hard to quantify the saponin content. We measured the saponin content in soybean by removing the sugar chain from the saponin using acidic hydrolysis and detected novel quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for saponin content. Major QTLs in the hypocotyl were identified on chromosome 5 near the SSR marker, Satt 384, while those in the cotyledon were on chromosome 6 near Sat_312, which is linked to the T and E1 loci. Our results suggest that saponin contents in the hypocotyl and cotyledon are controlled by different genes and that it is difficult to increase the beneficial group B saponin and to decrease the undesirable group A saponin at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Teraishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University,
Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
| | - Yuka Tojo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University,
Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
| | - Naohiro Yamada
- Nagano Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Experiment Station,
1066-1 Soga, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-6461,
Japan
| | - Yutaka Okumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University,
Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
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8
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Itabashi M, Tsukamoto C, Kurosaka A, Krishnamurthy P, Shin TS, Yang SH, Son E, Chung G. Efficient method for large-scale preparation of two components H and I of Sg-6 saponins from whole seeds of wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1227991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Itabashi
- Department of Biomedical and Electronic Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | - Ayaka Kurosaka
- Department of Biomedical and Electronic Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Panneerselvam Krishnamurthy
- Soybean Applied Genomics Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tai-Sun Shin
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunho Son
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biomedical and Electronic Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
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