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El-Mahdy AM, Alqahtani M, Almukainzi M, Alghoribi MF, Abdel-Rhman SH. Effect of Resveratrol and Curcumin on Gene Expression of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Toxins. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:141-148. [PMID: 37986579 PMCID: PMC10840468 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2309.09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can lead to a number of potentially terrible community- and hospital-acquired illnesses. Among the diverse set of virulence factors that S. aureus possesses, secreted toxins play a particularly preeminent role in defining its virulence. In this work, we aimed to facilitate the development of novel strategies utilizing natural compounds to lower S. aureus's toxin production and consequently enhance therapeutic approaches. Two natural polyphenols, resveratrol (RSV) and curcumin (CUR), were tested for their effect on reducing toxin gene production of MRSA isolates. Fifty clinical MRSA isolates were gathered from Riyadh and Jeddah. Molecular screening of toxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, seh, lukF, and lukS) harbored by MRSA was performed. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of RSV (50 μg/ml) and CUR (20 μg/ml) were determined to study their effect on the gene expression MRSA's toxin genes. Our findings revealed the presence of the tested genes in MRSA isolates, with lukF being the most prevalent gene and seh the least detected gene. We found that RSV reduced the relative expression of toxin genes, sea, seb, lukF, and lukS, respectively, while CUR decreased the relative expression of sea and seb genes in the examined isolates. Regarding lukF and lukS, CUR downregulated the expression of both genes in some isolates and upregulated the expression in other isolates. From these results, we concluded that RSV and CUR could be used as alternative therapeutic approaches to treat MRSA infections through reducing toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej M. El-Mahdy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Maisa Alqahtani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Almukainzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed F. Alghoribi
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaymaa H Abdel-Rhman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, AlMadinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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Saricaoglu B, Gültekin Subaşı B, Karbancioglu-Guler F, Lorenzo JM, Capanoglu E. Phenolic compounds as natural microbial toxin detoxifying agents. Toxicon 2023; 222:106989. [PMID: 36509264 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of promising studies, developments, and improvements about the elimination of microbial toxins from food matrices, they are still considered as one of the major food safety problems due to the lack of their complete avoidance even today. Every year, many crops and foodstuffs have to be discarded due to unconstrained contamination and/or production of microbial toxins. Furthermore, the difficulty for the detection of toxin presence and determination of its level in foods may lead to acute or chronic health problems in many individuals. On the other hand, phenolic compounds might be considered as microbial toxin detoxification agents because of their inhibition effect on the toxin synthesis of microorganisms or exhibiting protective effects against varying damaging mechanisms caused by toxins. In this study, the effect of phenolic compounds on the synthesis of bacterial toxins and mycotoxins is comprehensively reviewed. The potential curing effect of phenolic compounds against toxin-induced damages has also been discussed. Consequently, phenolic compounds are indicated as promising, and considerable natural preservatives against toxin damages and their detoxification potentials are pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Saricaoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Gültekin Subaşı
- Hafik Kamer Ornek Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Funda Karbancioglu-Guler
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jose Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de La Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Avd. Galicia nº 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; Universidade de Vigo, Área de Tecnoloxía dos Alimentos, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bisdemethoxycurcumin Reduces Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Expression of Virulence-Related Exoproteins and Inhibits the Biofilm Formation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110804. [PMID: 34822588 PMCID: PMC8625963 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen of nosocomial infection, which is resistant to most antibiotics. Presently, anti-virulence therapy and anti-biofilm therapy are considered to be promising alternatives. In the current work, we investigated the influence of bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) on the virulence-related exoproteins and the biofilm formation using a reference strain and clinic isolated strains. Western blotting, quantitative RT-PCR, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release assay were performed to assess the efficacy of BDMC in reducing the expression of Staphylococcus enterotoxin-related exoproteins (enterotoxin A, enterotoxin B) and α-toxin in MRSA. The anti-biofilm activity of BDMC was evaluated through a biofilm inhibition assay. The study suggests that sub-inhibitory concentrations of BDMC significantly inhibited the expression of sea, seb, and hla at the mRNA level in MRSA. Moreover, the expression of virulence-related exoproteins was significantly decreased by down-regulating accessory gene regulator agr, and the inhibition of biofilms formation was demonstrated by BDMC at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Consequently, the study suggests that BDMC may be a potential natural antibacterial agent to release the pressure brought by antibiotic resistance.
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Epigallocatechin gallate and Lactobacillus plantarum culture supernatants exert bactericidal activity and reduce biofilm formation in Clostridium perfringens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:843-853. [PMID: 34170482 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens forms biofilms and spores that are a source of food contamination. In this study, the antibacterial activities of Lactobacillus plantarum culture supernatants (LP-S), LP-S fractions, and the plant-derived compound epigallocatechin gallate (EG) were evaluated. Specifically, their effects on the viability and biofilm-forming ability of C. perfringens were assessed. Moreover, the expression of quorum sensing-regulated genes associated with the pathogenesis of this microorganism and that of genes involved in biofilm formation was also investigated. The results showed that both EG and the LP-S exerted bactericidal activity against all C. perfringens strains tested. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EG was 75 µg/mL for all strains but ranged from 61 to 121 µg of total protein per mL for LP-S. EG exerted only minor effects on biofilm formation, whereas LP-S, particularly its 10 and 30 K fractions, significantly reduced the biofilm-forming ability of all the strains. The antibiofilm activity of LP-S was lost following preincubation with proteases, suggesting that it was mediated by a proteinaceous molecule. The treatment of C. perfringens with either EG or LP-S did not change the transcript levels of two CpAL (C. perfringens quorum-sensing Agr-like system)-related genes, agrB and agrD, which are known to be involved in the regulation of biofilms, suggesting that LP-S exerted its biofilm inhibitory activity downstream of CpAL signaling. In summary, we demonstrated the bactericidal activity of EG and LP-S against C. perfringens and antibiofilm activity of LP-S at a subinhibitory dose. Our results suggested that these compounds can be further explored for food safety applications to control agents such as C. perfringens.
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Resveratrol-Loaded Hydrogel Contact Lenses with Antioxidant and Antibiofilm Performance. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040532. [PMID: 33920327 PMCID: PMC8069945 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact lenses (CLs) are prone to biofilm formation, which may cause severe ocular infections. Since the use of antibiotics is associated with resistance concerns, here, two alternative strategies were evaluated to endow CLs with antibiofilm features: copolymerization with the antifouling monomer 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and loading of the antioxidant resveratrol with known antibacterial activity. MPC has, so far, been used to increase water retention on the CL surface (Proclear® 1 day CLs). Both poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA) and silicone hydrogels were prepared with MPC covering a wide range of concentrations (from 0 to 101 mM). All hydrogels showed physical properties adequate for CLs and successfully passed the hen’s egg-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test. Silicone hydrogels had stronger affinity for resveratrol, with higher loading and a slower release rate. Ex vivo cornea and sclera permeability tests revealed that resveratrol released from the hydrogels readily accumulated in both tissues but did not cross through. The antibiofilm tests against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus evidenced that, in general, resveratrol decreased biofilm formation, which correlated with its concentration-dependent antibacterial capability. Preferential adsorption of lysozyme, compared to albumin, might also contribute to the antimicrobial activity. In addition, importantly, the loading of resveratrol in the hydrogels preserved the antioxidant activity, even against photodegradation. Overall, the designed hydrogels can host therapeutically relevant amounts of resveratrol to be sustainedly released on the eye, providing antibiofilm and antioxidant performance.
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Álvarez-Martínez FJ, Barrajón-Catalán E, Encinar JA, Rodríguez-Díaz JC, Micol V. Antimicrobial Capacity of Plant Polyphenols against Gram-positive Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2576-2606. [PMID: 30295182 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181008115650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-drug-resistant bacteria such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disseminate rapidly amongst patients in healthcare facilities and suppose an increasingly important cause of community-associated infections and associated mortality. The development of effective therapeutic options against resistant bacteria is a public health priority. Plant polyphenols are structurally diverse compounds that have been used for centuries for medicinal purposes, including infections treatment and possess, not only antimicrobial activity, but also antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities among others. Based on the existing evidence on the polyphenols' antibacterial capacity, polyphenols may be postulated as an alternative or complementary therapy for infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the antimicrobial activity of plant polyphenols against Gram-positive bacteria, especially against S. aureus and its resistant strains. Determine the main bacterial molecular targets of polyphenols and their potential mechanism of action. METHODOLOGY The most relevant reports on plant polyphenols' antibacterial activity and their putative molecular targets were studied. We also performed virtual screening of thousand different polyphenols against proteins involved in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis to find potential valuable bioactive compounds. The bibliographic information used in this review was obtained from MEDLINE via PubMed. RESULTS Several polyphenols: phenolic acids, flavonoids (especially flavonols), tannins, lignans, stilbenes and combinations of these in botanical mixtures, have exhibited significant antibacterial activity against resistant and non-resistant Gram-positive bacteria at low μg/mL range MIC values. Their mechanism of action is quite diverse, targeting cell wall, lipid membrane, membrane receptors and ion channels, bacteria metabolites and biofilm formation. Synergic effects were also demonstrated for some combinations of polyphenols and antibiotics. CONCLUSION Plant polyphenols mean a promising source of antibacterial agents, either alone or in combination with existing antibiotics, for the development of new antibiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Álvarez-Martínez
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Díaz
- Microbiology Section, University General Hospital of Alicante, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain.,CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB12/03/30038), Spain
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Takó M, Kerekes EB, Zambrano C, Kotogán A, Papp T, Krisch J, Vágvölgyi C. Plant Phenolics and Phenolic-Enriched Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents against Food-Contaminating Microorganisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E165. [PMID: 32085580 PMCID: PMC7070704 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds and extracts with bioactive properties can be obtained from many kinds of plant materials. These natural substances have gained attention in the food research as possible growth inhibitors of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Many phenolic-enriched plant extracts and individual phenolics have promising anti-quorum sensing potential as well and can suppress the biofilm formation and toxin production of food-related pathogens. Various studies have shown that plant phenolics can substitute or support the activity of synthetic food preservatives and disinfectants, which, by the way, can provoke serious concerns in consumers. In this review, we will provide a brief insight into the bioactive properties, i.e., the antimicrobial, anti-quorum sensing, anti-biofilm and anti-enterotoxin activities, of plant phenolic extracts and compounds, with special attention to pathogen microorganisms that have food relation. Carbohydrase aided applications to improve the antimicrobial properties of phenolic extracts are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Takó
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.B.K.); (C.Z.); (A.K.); (T.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Erika Beáta Kerekes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.B.K.); (C.Z.); (A.K.); (T.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Carolina Zambrano
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.B.K.); (C.Z.); (A.K.); (T.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Alexandra Kotogán
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.B.K.); (C.Z.); (A.K.); (T.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Tamás Papp
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.B.K.); (C.Z.); (A.K.); (T.P.); (C.V.)
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Krisch
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Mars tér 7, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.B.K.); (C.Z.); (A.K.); (T.P.); (C.V.)
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Binding of Catechins to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051125. [PMID: 29747413 PMCID: PMC6099397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is a toxin protein, and is the most common cause of staphylococcal food poisoning. Polyphenols, such as catechins, are known to interact with proteins. In this study, we investigated the binding of catechins to SEA using SPR (Biacore), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and protein-ligand docking. We found that (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) could strongly bind to SEA. According to thermodynamic parameters, a negative ΔG indicated that the interaction between EGCG and SEA was spontaneous, and the electrostatic force accompanied by hydrophobic binding forces may play a major role in the binding. Data from Western blot analysis and docking simulation suggest that the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the galloyl group in the catechin structure was responsible for binding affinity with the Y91 of the A-6 region of SEA active sites. Our results provide further understanding of the binding interactions between catechins and SEA, and the inhibition of toxin activities by catechins.
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