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Li J, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Lu C, Tong Y. Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion of Demethyleneberberine, a Metabolite of Berberine, in Rats and Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:7725. [PMID: 38067456 PMCID: PMC10708275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Demethyleneberberine is an active component extracted from the Chinese herbal drug Cortex Phellodendri. It is also a metabolite of berberine in animals and humans. However, the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of demethyleneberberine have not been reported. The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters of demethyleneberberine by applying high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). After intragastric administration of demethyleneberberine in rats and mice, the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of demethyleneberberine were comparatively studied for the first time. The plasma concentration of demethyleneberberine reached its peak within 5 min after intragastric administration in both rats and mice. Furthermore, its bioavailability was comparable, ranging from 4.47% to 5.94%, higher than that of berberine. The total excretion of demethyleneberberine in the urine, feces and bile was 7.28~9.77%. These findings provide valuable insights into the pharmacological and clinical research on demethyleneberberine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chengyu Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (J.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yongbin Tong
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; (J.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.C.)
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Deng H, Li M, Zhang Q, Gao C, Song Z, Chen C, Wang Z, Feng X. The Broad-Spectrum Endolysin LySP2 Improves Chick Survival after Salmonella Pullorum Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040836. [PMID: 37112818 PMCID: PMC10142873 DOI: 10.3390/v15040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella pullorum causes typical “Bacillary White Diarrhea” and loss of appetite in chicks, which leads to the death of chicks in severe cases; thus, it is still a critical issue in China. Antibiotics are conventional medicines used for Salmonella infections; however, due to the extensive long-term use and even abuse of antibiotics, drug resistance becomes increasingly severe, making treating pullorum disease more difficult. Most of the endolysins are hydrolytic enzymes produced by bacteriophages to cleave the host’s cell wall during the final stage of the lytic cycle. A virulent bacteriophage, YSP2, of Salmonella was isolated in a previous study. A Pichia pastoris expression strain that can express the Salmonella bacteriophage endolysin was constructed efficiently, and the Gram-negative bacteriophage endolysin, LySP2, was obtained in this study. Compared with the parental phage YSP2, which can only lyse Salmonella, LySP2 can lyse Salmonella and Escherichia. The survival rate of Salmonella-infected chicks treated with LySP2 can reach up to 70% and reduce Salmonella abundance in the liver and intestine. The treatment group showed that LySP2 significantly improved the health of infected chicks and alleviated organ damage caused by Salmonella infection. In this study, the Salmonella bacteriophage endolysin was expressed efficiently by Pichia pastoris, and the endolysin LySP2 showed good potential for the treatment of pullorum disease caused by Salmonella pullorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewen Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Street 5333#, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Street 5333#, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Street 5333#, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chencheng Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Street 5333#, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhanyun Song
- Changchun Customs District, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Street 5333#, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Street 5333#, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi’an Street 5333#, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-0430-0193
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Chao J, Chen TY, Pao LH, Deng JS, Cheng YC, Su SY, Huang SS. Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816029. [PMID: 35250565 PMCID: PMC8894760 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological evidence: In Taiwan, herbal tea is considered a traditional medicine and has been consumed for hundreds of years. In contrast to regular tea, herbal teas are prepared using plants other than the regular tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Bitter tea (kǔ-chá), a series of herbal teas prepared in response to common diseases in Taiwan, is often made from local Taiwanese plants. However, the raw materials and formulations have been kept secret and verbally passed down by store owners across generations without a fixed recipe, and the constituent plant materials have not been disclosed. Aim of the study: The aim was to determine the herbal composition of bitter tea sold in Taiwan, which can facilitate further studies on pharmacological applications and conserve cultural resources. Materials and methods: Interviews were conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire. The surveyed respondents were traditional sellers of traditional herbal tea. The relevant literature was collated for a systematic analysis of the composition, characteristics, and traditional and modern applications of the plant materials used in bitter tea. We also conducted an association analysis of the composition of Taiwanese bitter tea with green herb tea (qing-cao-cha tea), another commonly consumed herbal tea in Taiwan, as well as herbal teas in neighboring areas outside Taiwan. Results: After visiting a total of 59 stores, we identified 32 bitter tea formulations and 73 plant materials. Asteraceae was the most commonly used family, and most stores used whole plants. According to a network analysis of nine plant materials used in high frequency as drug pairs, Tithonia diversifolia and Ajuga nipponensis were found to be the core plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea. Conclusion: Plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea were distinct, with multiple therapeutic functions. Further research is required to clarify their efficacy and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Chao
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, Master Program for Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yang Chen
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shyan Deng
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shan-Yu Su
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shan-Yu Su, ; Shyh-Shyun Huang,
| | - Shyh-Shyun Huang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shan-Yu Su, ; Shyh-Shyun Huang,
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Hu J, Ye H, Wang S, Wang J, Han D. Prophage Activation in the Intestine: Insights Into Functions and Possible Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:785634. [PMID: 34966370 PMCID: PMC8710666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophage activation in intestinal environments has been frequently reported to affect host adaptability, pathogen virulence, gut bacterial community composition, and intestinal health. Prophage activation is mostly caused by various stimulators, such as diet, antibiotics, some bacterial metabolites, gastrointestinal transit, inflammatory environment, oxidative stress, and quorum sensing. Moreover, with advancements in biotechnology and the deepening cognition of prophages, prophage activation regulation therapy is currently applied to the treatment of some bacterial intestinal diseases such as Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. This review aims to make headway on prophage induction in the intestine, in order to make a better understanding of dynamic changes of prophages, effects of prophage activation on physiological characteristics of bacteria and intestinal health, and subsequently provide guidance on prophage activation regulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Chang CH, Fu JH, Su CH, Yin MC, Hsu YM. Four spices prevent mice from contracting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2956-2964. [PMID: 31572538 PMCID: PMC6755440 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LL), Lysimachia christinae Hance (LC), Mentha piperita Linn (MP), and Cinnamomum cassia Presl (CC) are common spices used in Asia. The present study investigated the anti-Salmonella effects of the four spices using aqueous extracts. The amount of phenolic acids and flavonoids in each spice aqueous extract was determined as indicators of purity. Mice were pretreated with LL, LC, MP or CC aqueous extract for 7 days. Following infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ST21 (ST21), the aqueous extract of each spice was subsequently administered for 4 days. ST21 infected mice had lower body weight compared with the control group. The administration of spice aqueous extracts significantly increased body weight following infection. ST21 infection increased the fecal ST21 counts compared with the control group; however, following spice aqueous extract treatments, ST21 counts significantly decreased. The spice treatments also significantly reduced ST21 count in blood and the organs. Notably, ST21 infection increased interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in serum whilst spice treatments reduced these cytokines. In the spleen, spice treatment significantly lowered IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, but increased IL-12 levels. ST21 infection stimulated the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM in serum whilst spice aqueous extract treatment significantly decreased these levels. In summary, LL and MP aqueous extract treatments had the most significant effect in protecting against ST21 infection. Results of the RAW 264.7 cell infection model suggested that the mechanisms involved in the anti-ST21 effect of each spice were individually different. All four aqueous extracts demonstrated different mechanisms in attenuating ST21 invasion with the protective effect of LC aqueous extract potentially involving TNF-α expression. The present findings suggested that the four spices may be considered as potent functional foods due to their anti-Salmonella effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hung Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 70173, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Hua Fu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiu-Hsian Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chin Yin
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Simultaneous quantification of six indicator compounds in Wen-Qing-Yin by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:749-757. [PMID: 31324290 PMCID: PMC9307046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple gradient high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method was used to simultaneously to analyze characteristics of six indicator compounds in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation Wen-Qing-Yin (WQY). Separate optimization was performed using a Cosmosil C18 column gradient method with 0.1% formic acid in both mobile phases of aqueous and acetonitrile (ACN), at a flow rate, detection wavelength, and sample volume of 1.8 mL/min, 268 nm, and 10 μL, respectively. The linear regression of six active compounds berberine (BER), baicalin (BAI), ferulic acid (FER), geniposide (GEN), hydorxymethoxylfurfural (HMF), and paeoniflorin (PAE) was produced at the concentration range of 10–2000 μg/mL. The method validation revealed an acceptable precision (intra- and inter-day precision < 3.39% and 4.11%, respectively) and recovery (85.60–110.45% and 86.58–110.90%), a recovery range of 86.61–109.42%, and sensitivity (limit of detection [LOD] and limit of quantification [LOQ] values were in the range of 0.03–3.13, and 0.08–9.38 μg/mL, respectively) while the calibration curves were linear with a correlation coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.9966 to 0.9989. The qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by direct comparison of the peaks of the WCY extract to retention times of reference standards. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) successfully discriminated four purchased commercial samples of all six indicator constituents, and the present results indicate their comprehensive potential usefulness for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the WQY decoction and its commercial products.
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Phellodendri Cortex: A Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Pharmacokinetic Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7621929. [PMID: 31057654 PMCID: PMC6463642 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7621929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Phellodendri Cortex (PC) or Huang Bai. According to the scientific database of China Plant Species and Chinese pharmacopeia 2015 edition, PC has two main species which are Phellodendron amurense Rupr (PAR) or “Guan Huang bai” in Chinese and Phellodendron chinense Schneid (PCS) or “Chuan Huang bai” in Chinese. The crude drugs of PAR and PCS are also called Phellodendri amurensis cortex (PAC) and Phellodendri chinense cortex (PCC), respectively. The medicinal part of the plant is the dried trunk bark. PC has comprehensive therapeutic effects which include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, hypotensive, antiarrhythmic, antioxidant, and antipyretic agents. The exact ingredients in PC and its species are not fully summarised. Aim of the Study This study was designed to review and evaluate the pharmacological actions of compounds and to explore the pharmacokinetic knowledge of PC and its species and to also identify the chemical compound(s) with a potential therapeutic effect on atopic dermatitis. Methods “Huang Bai” and its English, botanical, and pharmaceutical names were used as keywords to perform database search in Encyclopaedia of traditional Chinese Medicines, PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and China Network Knowledge Infrastructure. The data selection criteria included all the studies that were related to the phytochemical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic perspectives of PC and its species or their active constituents. More importantly, the voucher number has been provided to ensure the genuine bark of PC used as the medicinal part in the studies. Results 140 compounds were summarized from PC and its species: specifically, 18 compounds from PCC, 44 compounds from PCS, 34 compounds from PAC, and 84 compounds from PAR. Obacunone and obaculactone are probably responsible for antiatopic dermatitis effect. PC and its species possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological actions including anti-inflammatory effect, antibacterial effect, antiviral effect, antitumor effect, antigout effect, antiulcer effect, neuroprotective effect, and antiatopic dermatitis effect. PC could widely distribute in plasma, liver, spleen, kidney, and brain. Berberine may be responsible for the toxic effect on the susceptible users with hemolytic disease or in the peripartum and neonatal period. Conclusions The compounds of the crude bark of PC and its subspecies have showcased a wide range of pharmacological effects. Pharmacological efficacies of PC are supported by its diverse class of alkaloid, limonoid, phenolic acid, quinic acid, lignan, and flavonoid. Obacunone and obaculactone could be the bioactive compounds for atopic dermatitis management. PC and its subspecies are generally safe to use but extra care is required for certain conditions and group of people.
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Fu A, Mo Q, Wu Y, Wang B, Liu R, Tang L, Zeng Z, Zhang X, Li W. Protective effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Salmonella via polarizing macrophages to M1 phenotype directly and to M2 depended on microbiota. Food Funct 2019; 10:7653-7666. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 (BaSC06), a potential probiotic, plays a positive role in animal growth performance and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Qiufen Mo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Zhonghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- China National Bamboo Research Center
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Utilization of Bamboo of State Forestry Administration
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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Caccamo D, Ricca S, Currò M, Ientile R. Health Risks of Hypovitaminosis D: A Review of New Molecular Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030892. [PMID: 29562608 PMCID: PMC5877753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypovitaminosis D has become a pandemic, being observed in all ethnicities and age groups worldwide. Environmental factors, such as increased air pollution and reduced ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, as well as lifestyle factors, i.e., decreased outdoor activities and/or poor intake of vitamin D-rich food, are likely involved in the etiology of a dramatic reduction of vitamin D circulating levels. The insufficiency/deficiency of vitamin D has long been known for its association with osteoporosis and rickets. However, in the last few decades it has become a serious public health concern since it has been shown to be independently associated with various chronic pathological conditions such as cancer, coronary heart disease, neurological diseases, type II diabetes, autoimmune diseases, depression, with various inflammatory disorders, and with increased risk for all-cause mortality in the general population. Prevention strategies for these disorders have recently involved supplementation with either vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 or their analogs at required daily doses and tolerable upper-limit levels. This review will focus on the emerging evidence about non-classical biological functions of vitamin D in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Caccamo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences, and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Sergio Ricca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences, and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Monica Currò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences, and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Ientile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences, and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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