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Rafiei S, Ghanbari-Abdolmaleki M, Zeinali R, Heidari-Keshel S, Rahimi A, Royanian F, Zaeifi D, Taheri K, Pourtaghi K, Khaleghi M, Biazar E. Silk fibroin/vitreous humor hydrogel scaffold modified by a carbodiimide crosslinker for wound healing. Biopolymers 2024:e23612. [PMID: 38994706 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Natural-derived biomaterials can be used as substrates for the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. In this study, bovine vitreous humor as a biological material was cross-linked to silk fibroin with different concentration ratios to design a suitable substrate for corneal tissue regeneration. The cross-linked samples were evaluated with different analyses such as structural, physical (optical, swelling, and degradation), mechanical, and biological (viability, cell adhesion) assays. The results showed that all samples had excellent transparency, especially those with higher silk fibroin content. Increasing the ratio of vitreous humor to silk fibroin decreased mechanical strength and increased swelling and degradation, respectively. There was no significant difference in the toxicity of the samples, and with the increase in vitreous humor ratio, adhesion and cell proliferation increased. Generally, silk fibroin with vitreous humor can provide desirable characteristics as a transparent film for corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Rafiei
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | | | - Reza Zeinali
- Group of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universität Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Saeed Heidari-Keshel
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Rahimi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farima Royanian
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Davood Zaeifi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Taheri
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Kimia Pourtaghi
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Maryam Khaleghi
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Biazar
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
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2
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Hazrati R, Davaran S, Keyhanvar P, Soltani S, Alizadeh E. A Systematic Review of Stem Cell Differentiation into Keratinocytes for Regenerative Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:362-393. [PMID: 37922106 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
To improve wound healing or treatment of other skin diseases, and provide model cells for skin biology studies, in vitro differentiation of stem cells into keratinocyte-like cells (KLCs) is very desirable in regenerative medicine. This study examined the most recent advancements in in vitro differentiation of stem cells into KLCs, the effect of biofactors, procedures, and preparation for upcoming clinical cases. A range of stem cells with different origins could be differentiated into KLCs under appropriate conditions. The most effective ways of stem cell differentiation into keratinocytes were found to include the co-culture with primary epithelial cells and keratinocytes, and a cocktail of growth factors, cytokines, and small molecules. KLCs should also be supported by biomaterials for the extracellular matrix (ECM), which replicate the composition and functionality of the in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) and, thus, support their phenotypic and functional characteristics. The detailed efficient characterization of different factors, and their combinations, could make it possible to find the significant inducers for stem cell differentiation into epidermal lineage. Moreover, it allows the development of chemically known media for directing multi-step differentiation procedures.In conclusion, the differentiation of stem cells to KLCs is feasible and KLCs were used in experimental, preclinical, and clinical trials. However, the translation of KLCs from in vitro investigational system to clinically valuable cells is challenging and extremely slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Hazrati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Peyman Keyhanvar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somaieh Soltani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Al-Nimry SS, Daghmash RM. Three Dimensional Printing and Its Applications Focusing on Microneedles for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1597. [PMID: 37376046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) are considered to be a novel smart injection system that causes significantly low skin invasion upon puncturing, due to the micron-sized dimensions that pierce into the skin painlessly. This allows transdermal delivery of numerous therapeutic molecules, such as insulin and vaccines. The fabrication of MNs is carried out through conventional old methods such as molding, as well as through newer and more sophisticated technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is considered to be a superior, more accurate, and more time- and production-efficient method than conventional methods. Three-dimensional printing is becoming an innovative method that is used in education through building intricate models, as well as being employed in the synthesis of fabrics, medical devices, medical implants, and orthoses/prostheses. Moreover, it has revolutionary applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and medical fields. Having the capacity to design patient-tailored devices according to their dimensions, along with specified dosage forms, has allowed 3D printing to stand out in the medical field. The different techniques of 3D printing allow for the production of many types of needles with different materials, such as hollow MNs and solid MNs. This review covers the benefits and drawbacks of 3D printing, methods used in 3D printing, types of 3D-printed MNs, characterization of 3D-printed MNs, general applications of 3D printing, and transdermal delivery using 3D-printed MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhair S Al-Nimry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Rawand M Daghmash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Pourjabbar B, Biazar E, Heidari Keshel S, Baradaran‐Rafii A. Improving the properties of fish skin collagen/silk fibroin dressing by chemical treatment for corneal wound healing. Int Wound J 2022; 20:484-498. [PMID: 35912793 PMCID: PMC9885469 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural biomaterials are crucial in ocular tissue engineering because they allow cells to proliferate, differentiate, and stratify while maintaining the typical epithelial phenotype. In this study, membranes as dressings were formed from silk fibroin and collagen (Co) extracted from fish skin and then modified with carbodiimide chemical cross linker in different concentrations. The samples were evaluated by different analyses such as structural, physical (optical, swelling, denaturation temperature, degradation), mechanical, and biological (viability, cell adhesion, immunocytochemistry) assays. The results showed that all membranes have excellent transparency, especially with higher silk fibroin content. Increasing the cross linker concentration and the ratio of silk fibroin to Co increased the denaturation temperature and mechanical strength and, conversely, reduced the degradation rate and cell adhesion. The samples did not show a significant difference in toxicity with increasing cross linker and silk fibroin ratio. In general, samples with a low silk fibroin ratio combined with cross linker can provide desirable properties as a membrane for corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Pourjabbar
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Esmaeil Biazar
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTonekabonIran
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran,Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Alireza Baradaran‐Rafii
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Nozari N, Biazar E, Kamalvand M, Keshel SH, Shirinbakhsh S. Photo Cross-linkable Biopolymers for Cornea Tissue Healing. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:58-70. [PMID: 34269669 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210715112738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Light can act as an effective and strong agent for the cross-linking of biomaterials and tissues and is recognized as a safe substitute for chemical cross-linkers to modify mechanical and physical properties and promote biocompatibility. This review focuses on the research about cross-linked biomaterials with different radiation sources such as Laser or Ultraviolet (UV) that can be applied as scaffolds, controlled release systems, and tissue adhesives for cornea healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Nozari
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Biazar
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mahshad Kamalvand
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shervin Shirinbakhsh
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
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Pourjabbar B, Biazar E, Heidari Keshel S, Ahani-Nahayati M, Baradaran-Rafii A, Roozafzoon R, Alemzadeh-Ansari MH. Bio-polymeric hydrogels for regeneration of corneal epithelial tissue*. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1909586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Pourjabbar
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Biazar
- Tissue Engineering group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ahani-Nahayati
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Roozafzoon
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Alemzadeh-Ansari
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Synthesis of thermogel modified with biomaterials as carrier for hUSSCs differentiation into cardiac cells: Physicomechanical and biological assessment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 119:111517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Mahdavi SS, Abdekhodaie MJ, Mashayekhan S, Baradaran-Rafii A, Djalilian AR. Bioengineering Approaches for Corneal Regenerative Medicine. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:567-593. [PMID: 32696417 PMCID: PMC7373337 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the cornea is responsible for transmitting and focusing light into the eye, injury or pathology affecting any layer of the cornea can cause a detrimental effect on visual acuity. Aging is also a reason for corneal degeneration. Depending on the level of the injury, conservative therapies and donor tissue transplantation are the most common treatments for corneal diseases. Not only is there a lack of donor tissue and risk of infection/rejection, but the inherent ability of corneal cells and layers to regenerate has led to research in regenerative approaches and treatments. METHODS In this review, we first discussed the anatomy of the cornea and the required properties for reconstructing layers of the cornea. Regenerative approaches are divided into two main categories; using direct cell/growth factor delivery or using scaffold-based cell delivery. It is expected delivered cells migrate and integrate into the host tissue and restore its structure and function to restore vision. Growth factor delivery also has shown promising results for corneal surface regeneration. Scaffold-based approaches are categorized based on the type of scaffold, since it has a significant impact on the efficiency of regeneration, into the hydrogel and non-hydrogel based scaffolds. Various types of cells, biomaterials, and techniques are well covered. RESULTS The most important characteristics to be considered for biomaterials in corneal regeneration are suitable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and transparency. Moreover, a curved shape structure and spatial arrangement of the fibrils have been shown to mimic the corneal extracellular matrix for cells and enhance cell differentiation. CONCLUSION Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches showed to have promising outcomes for corneal regeneration. However, besides proper mechanical and optical properties, other factors such as appropriate sterilization method, storage, shelf life and etc. should be taken into account in order to develop an engineered cornea for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharareh Mahdavi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 1393 Azadi Ave., Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 1393 Azadi Ave., Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran.
| | - Shohreh Mashayekhan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 1393 Azadi Ave., Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Rafii
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, SBUMS, Arabi Ave, Daneshjoo Blvd, Velenjak, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1200 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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Fan D, Li Y, Wang X, Zhu T, Wang Q, Cai H, Li W, Tian Y, Liu Z. Progressive 3D Printing Technology and Its Application in Medical Materials. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:122. [PMID: 32265689 PMCID: PMC7100535 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables patient-specific anatomical level productions with high adjustability and resolution in microstructures. With cost-effective manufacturing for high productivity, 3D printing has become a leading healthcare and pharmaceutical manufacturing technology, which is suitable for variety of applications including tissue engineering models, anatomical models, pharmacological design and validation model, medical apparatus and instruments. Today, 3D printing is offering clinical available medical products and platforms suitable for emerging research fields, including tissue and organ printing. In this review, our goal is to discuss progressive 3D printing technology and its application in medical materials. The additive overview also provides manufacturing techniques and printable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyang Fan
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tengjiao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Weishi Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Izadyari Aghmiuni A, Heidari Keshel S, Sefat F, Akbarzadeh Khiyavi A. Quince seed mucilage-based scaffold as a smart biological substrate to mimic mechanobiological behavior of skin and promote fibroblasts proliferation and h-ASCs differentiation into keratinocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:668-679. [PMID: 31622718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of biological macromolecules like quince seed mucilage (QSM), as the common curative practice has a long history in traditional folk medicine to cure wounds and burns. However, this gel cannot be applied on exudative wounds because of the high water content and non-absorption of infection of open wounds. It also limits cell-to-cell interactions and leads to the slow wound healing process. In this study to overcome these problems, a novel QSM-based hybrid scaffold modified by PCL/PEG copolymer was designed and characterized. The properties of this scaffold (PCL/QSM/PEG) were also compared with four scaffolds of PCL/PEG, PCL/Chitosan/PEG, chitosan, and QSM, to assess the role of QSM and the combined effect of polymers in improving the function of skin tissue-engineered scaffolds. It was found, the physicochemical properties play a crucial role in regulating cell behaviors so that, PCL/QSM/PEG as a smart/stimuli-responsive bio-matrix promotes not only human-adipose stem cells (h-ASCs) adhesion but also supports fibroblasts growth, via providing a porous-network. PCL/QSM/PEG could also induce keratinocytes at a desirable level for wound healing, by increasing the mechanobiological signals. Immunocytochemistry analysis confirmed keratinocytes differentiation pattern and their normal phenotype on PCL/QSM/PEG. Our study demonstrates, QSM as a differentiation/growth-promoting biological factor can be a proper candidate for design of wound dressings and skin tissue-engineered substrates containing cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Izadyari Aghmiuni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran; Department of Nanobiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Medical Nanotechnology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology (IRC Polymer), University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Biazar
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
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12
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Biazar
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Tonekabon Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tonekabon Iran
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