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Dittfeld C, Bähring S, Welzel C, Jannasch A, Matschke K, Tugtekin SM, Alexiou K. Tissue requirements for the application of aortic valve neocuspidization - appropriate pericardium properties and homogeneity? JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:26. [PMID: 38683259 PMCID: PMC11058761 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-024-06790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aortic valve neocuspidization (AVNeo) using autologous pericardium is a promising technique. Expected advantages are reduced immune response, appropriate biomechanics and lower treatment expenses. Nevertheless, autologous pericardium can be affected by patient's age and comorbidities. Usually, glutaraldehyde (GA) - fixed bovine pericardium is the basic material for aortic valve prostheses, easy available and carefully pre-examined in a standardized fabrication process. Aim of the study is the verification of autologous pericardial tissue homogeneity by analysing tissue thickness, biomechanics and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. METHODS Segments of human GA-fixed pericardium selected by the surgeon based on visual criteria for cusp pre-cut and remaining after surgical AV replacement were investigated in comparison to bovine standard tissue treated equivalently. Pericardium sampling was performed at up to three positions of each sutured cusp for histological or biomechanical analysis, according to tissue availability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Human pericardia exhibited a higher heterogeneity in collagen content, density of vessel structures and elastic moduli. Thickness, vessel density and collagen and elastin content differed significantly between the species. In contrast, significant interindividual differences were detected in most properties investigated for human pericardial samples but only for tissue thickness in bovine tissues. Higher heterogeneity of human pericardium, differing vessel and collagen content compared to bovine state-of-the-art material might be detrimental for long term AV functionality or deterioration and have to be intensely investigated in patients follow up after autologous cusp replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dittfeld
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sophia Bähring
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cindy Welzel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anett Jannasch
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Matschke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sems-Malte Tugtekin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Konstantin Alexiou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Kiekenap J, Sun X, Hao Y, Steitz M, Breitenstein-Attach A, Emeis J, Berger F, Schmitt B. Long-term function of a novel autologous transcatheter pulmonary heart valve implant in an adult animal model. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2024; 103:597-606. [PMID: 38440908 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.30992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current heart valve implants entail major disadvantages in the treatment for younger patients or those with congenital heart defects. AIM Evaluation of novel transcatheter pulmonary valve implant made from autologous pericardium with natural crosslinking agent in an in vitro setup and in vivo animal model METHODS: Valves were tested in a pulse duplicator according to ISO-standard 5840. For in vivo studies computer tomography was performed to measure sheep's native pulmonary valve dimensions. Pericardium was harvested by thoracotomy, personalized implants were manufactured and deployed in pulmonary valve position of the same sheep. Every 3 months implant functionality was evaluated by intracardiac echocardiography, intracardiac pressure measurements and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI). Implants were explanted for macroscopic and histological examination. RESULTS In vitro experiments showed compliance with regulatory requirements in terms of valve opening and insufficiency. Five sheep successfully received an autologous valve implant. Two animals had to be euthanized due to trauma sustained in the stable. Long-term valve function was excellent in three out of four animals with median implant cMRI regurgitation fraction of 9% (n = 4) at 3 months, 8% (n = 3) at 6, 8% (n = 3) at 9, 12% (n = 3) at 13, 8% (n = 2) at 17% and 8% (n = 2) at 20.5 months after implantation. Despite good adherence to neighboring tissue and endothelization, histological assessment revealed some signs of degeneration. CONCLUSION Transcatheter pulmonary valve implants showed promising function for up to 20.5 months encouraging research to further improve this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kiekenap
- DHZC (Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité), Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- DHZC (Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité), Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yimeng Hao
- DHZC (Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité), Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marvin Steitz
- DHZC (Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité), Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Breitenstein-Attach
- DHZC (Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité), Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasper Emeis
- DHZC (Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité), Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Berger
- DHZC (Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité), Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Schmitt
- DHZC (Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité), Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH (Berlin Institute of Health), Berlin, Germany
- BCRT (BIH Center of Regenerative Therapies), Berlin, Germany
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Steitz M, Zouhair S, Khan MB, Breitenstein-Attach A, Fritsch K, Tuladhar SR, Wulsten D, Wolkers WF, Sun X, Hao Y, Emeis J, Lange HE, Berger F, Schmitt B. A Glutaraldehyde-Free Crosslinking Method for the Treatment of Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Clinical Application. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1247. [PMID: 38002371 PMCID: PMC10669889 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological bioprostheses such as grafts, patches, and heart valves are often derived from biological tissue like the pericardium. These bioprostheses can be of xenogenic, allogeneic, or autologous origin. Irrespective of their origin, all types are pre-treated via crosslinking to render the tissue non-antigenic and mechanically strong or to minimize degradation. The most widely used crosslinking agent is glutaraldehyde. However, glutaraldehyde-treated tissue is prone to calcification, inflammatory degradation, and mechanical injury, and it is incapable of matrix regeneration, leading to structural degeneration over time. In this work, we are investigating an alternative crosslinking method for an intraoperative application. The treated tissue's crosslinking degree was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. To confirm the findings, a collagenase assay was conducted. Uniaxial tensile testing was used to assess the tissue's mechanical properties. To support the findings, the treated tissue was visualized using two-photon microscopy. Additionally, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to study the overall protein secondary structure. Finally, a crosslinking procedure was identified for intraoperative processing. The samples showed a significant increase in thermal and enzymatic stability after treatment compared to the control, with a difference of up to 22.2 °C and 100%, respectively. Also, the tissue showed similar biomechanics to glutaraldehyde-treated tissue, showing greater extensibility, a higher failure strain, and a lower ultimate tensile strength than the control. The significant difference in the structure band ratio after treatment is proof of the introduction of additional crosslinks compared to the untreated control with regard to differences in the amide-I region. The microscopic images support these findings, showing an alteration of the fiber orientation after treatment. For collagen-based biomaterials, such as pericardial tissue, the novel phenolic crosslinking agent proved to be an equivalent alternative to glutaraldehyde regarding tissue characteristics. Although long-term studies must be performed to investigate superiority in terms of longevity and calcification, our novel crosslinking agent can be applied in concentrations of 1.5% or 2.0% for the treatment of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Steitz
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Berlin (Charité), D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, D-10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabra Zouhair
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mahamuda Badhon Khan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Breitenstein-Attach
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Berlin (Charité), D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, D-10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Fritsch
- Department Dynamics and Transport in Quantum Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sugat Ratna Tuladhar
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dag Wulsten
- Julius Wolff Institute—Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and Regeneration, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Willem-Frederik Wolkers
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Berlin (Charité), D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, D-10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yimeng Hao
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasper Emeis
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-E. Lange
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Berger
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Berlin (Charité), D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, D-10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Schmitt
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Berlin (Charité), D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, D-10785 Berlin, Germany
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Siami M, Jahani K, Rezaee M. Identifying the parameters of viscoelastic model for a gel-type material as representative of cardiac muscle in dynamic tests. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2021; 235:1205-1216. [PMID: 34137313 DOI: 10.1177/09544119211025868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, mechanical parameters of a calf heart muscle are identified and a gel-type material as the representative of the cardiac muscle in dynamic tests is introduced. The motivation of this study is to introduce a replacement material of the heart muscle to use in experimental studies of the leadless pacemaker. A particular test setup is developed to capture the experimental data based on the stress relaxation test method where its outputs are time histories of the force and displacement. The standard linear solid model is used for mathematical modeling of the heart muscle sample and a gel-type material specimen namely α-gel. Five tests with different strain history (13.6%,17.1%,20.6%22.4%and,23.8%) are performed by regarding and disregarding the influence of the initial ramp of the loading. The mechanical parameters of the standard linear solid model were identified with precise curve fitting. Consideration of the initial ramp significantly influences the consequences and they are so close to their experimental counterparts. The identified parameters of the standard linear solid model by regarding the influence of the initial ramp for the gel-type material are within an acceptable range for the viscoelastic properties of the calf heart tissue. These results show that the gel-type material has the potential to represent the cardiac muscle in the leadless pacemaker experimental studies. Dynamic mechanical analysis is used to characterize the dynamic viscoelastic properties for the gel by utilizing the identified parameters with taking into account the initial ramp in the frequency domain. Results show that Storage modulus, Loss modulus, and Loss tangent are strongly frequency-dependent especially at low-frequency around the heartbeat frequency range (0-2 Hz).
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Siami
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamal Jahani
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mousa Rezaee
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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