Synthesis of polymeric hydrogels incorporating chlorhexidine gluconate as antibacterial wound dressings

Innovative approaches to wound healing: insights into interactive dressings and future directions

The objective of this review is to provide an up-to-date and all-encompassing account of the recent advancements in the domain of interactive wound dressings. Considering the gap between the achieved and desired clinical outcomes with currently available or under-study wound healing therapies, newer more specific options based on the wound type and healing phase are reviewed. Starting from the comprehensive description of the wound healing process, a detailed classification of wound dressings is presented. Subsequently, we present an elaborate and significant discussion describing interactive (unconventional) wound dressings. Latter includes biopolymer-based, bioactive-containing and biosensor-based smart dressings, which are discussed in separate sections together with their applications and limitations. Moreover, recent (2-5 years) clinical trials, patents on unconventional dressings, marketed products, and other information on advanced wound care designs and techniques are discussed. Subsequently, the future research direction is highlighted, describing peptides, proteins, and human amniotic membranes as potential wound dressings. Finally, we conclude that this field needs further development and offers scope for integrating information on the healing process with newer technologies.

Effect of Ducrosia anethifolia methanol extract against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on excision wound in diabetic mice

Background

Ducrosia anethifolia is an aromatic desert plant used in Saudi folk medicine to treat skin infections. It is widely found in Middle Eastern countries.

Methods

A methanolic extract of the plant was prepared, and its phytoconstituents were determined using LC-MS. In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the methanolic extract were evaluated against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The cytotoxic effect was assessed using HaCaT cell lines in-vitro. Diabetic mice were used to study the in-vivo antibiofilm and wound healing activity using the excision wound method.

Results

More than 50 phytoconstituents were found in the extract after LC-MS analysis. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity against both the tested pathogens. The extract was free of irritant effects on mice skin, and no cytotoxicity was observed on HaCaT cells with an IC50 value of 1381 µg/ml. The ointment formulation of the extract increased the healing of diabetic wounds. The microbial load of both pathogens in the wounded tissue was also reduced after the treatment. The extract was more effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than MDR-P. aeruginosa in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Further, skin regeneration was also observed in histological studies.

Conclusions

The results showed that D. anethifolia methanol extract supports wound healing in infected wounds in diabetic mice through antibacterial, antibiofilm, and wound healing activities.

Recent advances in harnessing biological macromolecules for wound management: A review

Wound dressings (WDs) are an essential component of wound management and serve as an artificial barrier to isolate the injured site from the external environment, thereby helping to prevent exogenous infections and supporting healing. However, maintaining a moist wound environment, providing protection from infection, good biocompatibility, and allowing for gas exchange, remain a challenge in device design. Functional wound dressings (FWDs) prepared from hybrid biological macromolecule-based materials can enhance efficacy of these systems for skin wound management. This review aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art FWDs within the field of wound management, with a specific focus on hybrid biomaterials, techniques, and applications developed over the past five years. In addition, we highlight the incorporation of biological macromolecules in WDs, the emergence of smart WDs, and discuss the existing challenges and future prospects for the development of advanced WDs.

Antimicrobial Hydrogels: Potential Materials for Medical Application

Microbial infections based on drug-resistant pathogenic organisms following surgery or trauma and uncontrolled bleeding are the main causes of increased mortality from trauma worldwide. The prevalence of drug-resistant pathogens has led to a significant increase in medical costs and poses a great threat to the normal life of people. This is an important issue in the field of biomedicine, and the emergence of new antimicrobial materials hydrogels holds great promise for solving this problem. Hydrogel is an important material with good biocompatibility, water absorption, oxygen permeability, adhesion, degradation, self-healing, corrosion resistance, and controlled release of drugs as well as structural diversity. Bacteria-disturbing hydrogels have important applications in the direction of surgical treatment, wound dressing, medical device coating, and tissue engineering. This paper reviews the classification of antimicrobial hydrogels, the current status of research, and the potential of antimicrobial hydrogels for one application in biomedicine, and analyzes the current research of hydrogels in biomedical applications from five aspects: metal-loaded hydrogels, drug-loaded hydrogels, carbon-material-loaded hydrogels, hydrogels with fixed antimicrobial activity and biological antimicrobial hydrogels, and provides an outlook on the high antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, injectability, clinical applicability and future development prospects of hydrogels in this field.

Synthesis of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Diacrylate for Micelle-Cross-Linked Sodium AMPS Hydrogel for Use as Controlled Drug Delivery Wound Dressing

This study focuses on the synthesis of poly(ε-caprolactone) diacrylate (PCLDA) for the fabrication of micelle-cross-linked sodium AMPS wound dressing hydrogels. The novel synthetic approach of PCLDA is functionalizing a PCL diol with acrylic acid. The influences of varying the PCL diol/AA molar ratio and temperature on the suitable conditions for the synthesis of PCLDA are discussed. The hydrogel was synthesized through micellar copolymerization of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate (Na-AMPS) as a basic monomer and PCLDA as a hydrophobic association monomer. In this study, an attempt was made to develop new hydrogel wound dressings meant for the release of antibacterial drugs (ciprofloxacin and silver sulfadiazine). The chemical structures, morphology, porosity, and water interaction of the hydrogels were characterized. The hydrogels' swelling ratio and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) showed a high swelling capacity (4688-10753%) and good WVTR (approximately 2000 g·m^-2·day^-1), which can be controlled through variation of the PCLDA concentration. The mechanical property results confirmed that PCLDA improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogel; the stress increased from 37 to 68 kPa, and the strain increased from 198 to 360% with increasing PCLDA (0-30% wt of Na-AMPS). These hydrogels presented no cytotoxicity based on over 70% cell viability responses (L929 fibroblasts) using an in vitro 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Additionally, the drug release mechanism, kinetic models, and antibacterial activity were determined. The results demonstrated that antibiotics were released from the hydrogel with a Fickian diffusion mechanism and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Based on the results obtained, and bearing in mind that further progress still needs to be made, the fabricated hydrogels show considerable potential for meeting the stringent property requirements of hydrogel wound dressings.