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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Kumar S, Jaisingh K, R. AT, Rao KC, Chhabra K, Saxena S, Manchanda V, Sharma S. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Parameters of the Retina in SARS-CoV-2 Recovered Subjects. Cureus 2023; 15:e33548. [PMID: 36779162 PMCID: PMC9907863 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to evaluate retinochoroidal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters in patients recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS This study was an observational study that included 80 subjects being discharged after having negative reports on the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate OCTA parameters of the retina. The subjects underwent an ophthalmic evaluation that included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), color vision (CV), contrast sensitivity (CS), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters. OCTA was done for all patients and was evaluated for foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, perimeter, and circularity index, and vessel density (VD) in superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), outer retina (OR), outer retina chorio-capillaries (ORCC), chorio-capillaries (CC), and choroid (C) using 3 x 3 mm scans. The OCTA parameters were compared with normative data of the Indian population for various parameters in question. RESULTS The subjects included 54/80 (67.5%) males and 26/80 (32.5%) females having a mean age of 52.40 ± 15.71 (18-60) years. The systemic evaluation revealed 38.75% of subjects had hypertension, 30% had diabetes, 20% had kidney disease, 5% had tuberculosis, and 3.75% had coronary artery disease. The mean distance BCVA was logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) (1.17 ± 0.22), mean IOP was 17.0 ± 4.0 mmHg, mean CS was 2.13 ± 0.36, 50.62% of subjects had normal CV on Farnsworth test while 47% had tritanopia, and none of the subjects had red-green CV defect on Ishihara plates. The OCT scan was normal in 90% of eyes while the posterior vitreous detachment was seen in 4% of eyes, broad vitreomacular adhesion in 2.5% of eyes, and the globally adherent epiretinal membrane was seen in 2.5% of eyes. The mean central macular thickness (CMT) measured 245.14 ± 28.41 micrometers. The mean FAZ area measured 0.37 ± 0.15 mm2, the perimeter was 3.28 ± 1.08 mm, and the circularity index measured 0.41 ± 0.10. The average VD in SCP measured 16.06 ± 12.29, in DCP measured 9.11 ± 8.75, in OR measured 6.38 ± 7.37, in ORCC measured 42.53 ± 12.46, in CC measured 25.83 ± 16.31, and in C measured 25.52 ± 17.49. The VD in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) subjects was significantly lesser than that in the healthy Indian population in all layers except ORCC. CONCLUSIONS The SARS-CoV-2 recovered subjects have a reduced VD in retinochoroidal layers from COVID-19, an underlying systemic disease, or both. The CS values fall within normal limits. Several subjects show tritanopia on the Farnsworth test but no red-green CV defect on Ishihara plates.
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One-Year Changes in Optic Nerve Head Parameters in Recovered COVID-19 Patients. J Neuroophthalmol 2022; 42:476-482. [PMID: 36044623 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main purpose was to evaluate the changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and vessel density (VD) in post-COVID-19 patients during 12-month follow-up. METHODS In this prospective study, patients with COVID-19 who were attended in the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (Madrid, Spain) were included. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, optic nerve head optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA) using the Cirrus HD-OCT 5,000 with AngioPlex OCTA 1, 3, and 12 months after laboratory-confirmed diagnosis. Sociodemographic data, medical history, disease severity, and laboratory workup were registered. RESULTS A total of 180 eyes of 90 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were included; the mean age was 55.5 ± 8.9 years, and 46 patients (51%) were females. The mean visual acuity was 0.76 ± 0.16, and no abnormalities attributable to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the ocular or fundus examination. No differences in the OCT and OCTA data were found between severity groups in each visit (all P > 0.05). Overall, there was a decrease in RNFL global thickness ( P < 0.001) from the first to the last visit, and an increase in VD and flux index was noted in some sectors at the 12-month examination. A significant correlation was detected at 12 months between vascularization parameters and RNFL thickness. CONCLUSIONS One year after SARS-CoV-2 infection, changes in peripapillary RNFL thickness and vascularization occur, possibly indicating a recovery in such parameters.
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Abrishami M, Hosseini SM, Shoeibi N, Heidarzadeh HR. Unilateral Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy with Inactivated Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination: A Case Report and Review of Literature. J Curr Ophthalmol 2022; 34:373-378. [PMID: 36644462 PMCID: PMC9832452 DOI: 10.4103/joco.joco_41_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report unilateral acute-onset central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) following vaccination with inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in a healthy patient. Methods Case report and review of literature. Results A 39-year-old male was referred with sudden-onset, painless, unilateral blurred vision in the right eye. His first dose of the Sinopharm vaccine was injected 2 days before. A complete ocular examination revealed central subretinal fluid (SRF) accumulation in favor of CSC in the right eye. Systemic workup disclosed no previous COVID-19 infection or any systemic involvement. After 3 weeks, SRF decreased remarkably without treatment. Conclusions It is proposed that CSC development can be an ocular adverse effect of COVID-19 vaccination, although it is infrequent. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possible association between COVID-19 vaccination and ocular adverse effects, but vaccination is the best effectual measure against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Abrishami
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Nasser Shoeibi
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Peripapillary Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Optic Nerve Head Parameters in Patients Recovered from COVID-19: A Longitudinal Study. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:4643973. [PMID: 35368999 PMCID: PMC8968351 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4643973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To quantify the longitudinal changes of the optic nerve head (ONH) parameters and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in patients recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) analysis. Materials and Methods In an observational longitudinal study, in patients recovered from COVID-19, ONH OCT images were recorded at least two weeks after recovery from the systemic disease as the baseline and after one and three-month follow-up. Ganglion cell complex (GCC) analysis, ONH parameters, and pRNFL thickness changes were measured. Results A total of 36 eyes from 18 recovered COVID-19 patients including eleven (61.2%) females were studied. The average age was 35.5 ± 7.5 years. The pRNFL thickness in the nasal lower sector significantly decreased from 77 ± 18 μm in the first post-COVID-19 month to 74 ± 10 μm in the third month (P=0.8). The average, superior, and inferior pRNFL thickness remained unchanged. The average cup volume significantly decreased from 0.27 ± 0.15 mm3 at baseline to 0.19 ± 0.15 mm3 in the third post-COVID-19 visit (P=0.028). In terms of ONH morphologies including rim, disc and cup to disc area, and the vertical and horizontal ratio, the changes were not significant over the 3-month study period. Focal loss volume and global loss volume values were not changed significantly. Conclusion Localized defect in the nasal lower sector of pRNFL is observed in 3-month post-recovery from COVID-19. Larger studies with longer follow-ups are required to reveal the exact changes in ONH parameters.
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Abrishami M, Daneshvar R, Emamverdian Z, Shoeibi N, Sedighi S, Rezvani TS, Saeedian N, Eslami S. Optic Nerve Head Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings after Coronavirus Disease. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021; 16:592-601. [PMID: 34840682 PMCID: PMC8593550 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v16i4.9749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To quantify the microvasculature density of the optic nerve head (ONH) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) analysis in patients recovered from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods In a comparative cross-sectional, observational study, patients recovered from COVID-19 whose initial diagnosis was confirmed by a rRT-PCR of a nasopharyngeal sample were included in this study. OCTA of ONH was performed in included patients and normal controls. Vascular density (VD) of the all vessels (AV) and small vessels (SV) inside the disc and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network density were measured in COVID-19 recovered patients and compared with similar parameters in an age-matched group of normal controls. Results Twenty-five COVID-19 patients and twenty-two age-matched normal controls were enrolled in the study and one eye per participant was evaluated. The mean whole image SV VD in the COVID-19 group (49.31 ± 1.93) was not statistically significantly different from that in the control group (49.94 ±. 2.22; P = 0.308). A decrease in RPC VD was found in all AV and SV VD measured, which became statistically significant in whole peripapillary SV VD, peripapillary inferior nasal SV VD, peripapillary inferior temporal SV VD, peripapillary superior nasal SV VD, and grid-based AV VD inferior sector (P< 0.05). Inside disc SV VD in the COVID-19 group (49.43 ± 4.96) was higher than in the control group (45.46 ± 6.22) which was statistically significant (P = 0.021). Conclusion Unremarkable decrease was found in ONH microvasculature in patients who had recovered from COVID-19. These patients may be at risk of ONH vascular complications. Increase in inner disc SV VD may be an indicator of ONH hyperemia and edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Abrishami
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Daneshvar
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Emamverdian
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nasser Shoeibi
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Sedighi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Talieh Saeidi Rezvani
- Department of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Neda Saeedian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Eslami
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Abrishami M, Hassanpour K, Hosseini S, Emamverdian Z, Ansari-Astaneh MR, Zamani G, Gharib B, Abrishami M. Macular vessel density reduction in patients recovered from COVID-19: a longitudinal optical coherence tomography angiography study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:771-779. [PMID: 34636996 PMCID: PMC8505785 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aims To quantify the longitudinal changes of the macular microvasculature and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters in patients recovered from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) analysis. Methods This observational, longitudinal study was performed on patients recovered from COVID-19. The OCTA images were recorded at baseline and after 1 and 3 months at the follow-up examination. Vessel density (VD) of the retinal superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), as well as the area of the FAZ of patients who had recovered from COVID-19, were measured. Results In total, 36 eyes of 18 patients (62.2% female) with a mean age of 34.5 ± 7.5 years old were included. Regarding SCP, while the VDs of the whole image, fovea, and parafovea were comparable at different time points, the mean VDs in inferior hemifield, as well as superior and inferior regions of perifovea, underwent significant reductions at month 3, compared to the baseline. In DCP, the mean of VD in the whole image was 54.3 ± 2.7 at the first visit which significantly decreased to 52.1 ± 3.8(P = 0.003) and 51.4 ± 2.7(P = 0.001) after 1 and 3 months, respectively. The VDs in all regions of parafovea and perifovea revealed a significant reduction after 1 and 3 months, compared to the first visit. The mean FAZ area was 0.27 ± 0.08 mm2, 0.26 ± 0.08 mm2, and 0.27 ± 0.08 mm2 at the baseline, month 1, and month 3, respectively (P > 0.05). Conclusion Based on the results, the patients who had recovered from COVID-19 had a progressive decrease of VD at the follow-up visit 3 months after COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Abrishami
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Eye Research Center, Khatam-al-Anbia Eye Hospital, Qarani Blvd, Mashhad, 9195965919, Iran.
| | - Kiana Hassanpour
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Emamverdian
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ghodsieh Zamani
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahareh Gharib
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Abrishami
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Bayram N, Gundogan M, Ozsaygılı C, Adelman RA. Posterior ocular structural and vascular alterations in severe COVID-19 patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:993-1004. [PMID: 34605953 PMCID: PMC8488325 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate posterior ocular structural and vascular changes in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Methods This was an observational, prospective, and controlled study including 106 eyes of 53 severe COVID-19 patients, compared to after recovery and 106 eyes of 53 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. All subjects were previously healthy adults and were assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and ImageJ software. Subfoveal over a 1500-μm span and macular over a 6000-μm span cross-sectional areas of the vascular, stromal, and total choroid were measured. Results Of the 53 included patients, 28 (52.8%) were male, and 25 (47.2%) were female, with a mean age of 50.2 ± 7.4 years. In the active period of the disease, compared to after recovery and healthy controls, the outer plexiform layer thickness showed a significant increase (p = 0.004), and mean choroidal thickness was significantly higher (p < 0.0001); however, choroidal vascularity was significantly lower (p < 0.0001). The stromal area to vascular area (S/V) ratio of the choroid was significantly increased (p < 0.0001). All quadrants of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses were significantly increased (for all, p < 0.05). The reflectivity of OCT echo of the choroid and peripapillary RNFL was significantly higher (p = 0.023, p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion This study detected significant posterior ocular structural and vascular alterations in patients with severe COVID-19 infections. These findings may be associated with direct host-virus interaction or linked to an autoimmune process, vasculopathy, or viral-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurettin Bayram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, 38080, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Medine Gundogan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, 38080, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ozsaygılı
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, 38080, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ron A Adelman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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