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Toninelli C, Gerhardt I, Clark AS, Reserbat-Plantey A, Götzinger S, Ristanović Z, Colautti M, Lombardi P, Major KD, Deperasińska I, Pernice WH, Koppens FHL, Kozankiewicz B, Gourdon A, Sandoghdar V, Orrit M. Single organic molecules for photonic quantum technologies. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1615-1628. [PMID: 33972762 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isolating single molecules in the solid state has allowed fundamental experiments in basic and applied sciences. When cooled down to liquid helium temperature, certain molecules show transition lines that are tens of megahertz wide, limited by only the excited-state lifetime. The extreme flexibility in the synthesis of organic materials provides, at low costs, a wide palette of emission wavelengths and supporting matrices for such single chromophores. In the past few decades, their controlled coupling to photonic structures has led to an optimized interaction efficiency with light. Molecules can hence be operated as single-photon sources and as nonlinear elements with competitive performance in terms of coherence, scalability and compatibility with diverse integrated platforms. Moreover, they can be used as transducers for the optical read-out of fields and material properties, with the promise of single-quanta resolution in the sensing of charges and motion. We show that quantum emitters based on single molecules hold promise to play a key role in the development of quantum science and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toninelli
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - I Gerhardt
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and 3rd Institute of Physics, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A S Clark
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Reserbat-Plantey
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - S Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Z Ristanović
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Colautti
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - P Lombardi
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - K D Major
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I Deperasińska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W H Pernice
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - F H L Koppens
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - V Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Prakash V, Bianchet LC, Cuairan MT, Gomez P, Bruno N, Mitchell MW. Narrowband photon pairs with independent frequency tuning for quantum light-matter interactions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:38463-38478. [PMID: 31878613 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe a cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion (CE-SPDC) source for narrowband photon pairs with filters designed such that 97.7% of the correlated photons are in a single mode of 4.3(4) MHz bandwidth. Type-II phase matching, a tuneable-birefringence resonator, MHz-resolution pump tuning, and tuneable Fabry-Perot filters are used to achieve independent signal and idler tuning. We map the CE-SPDC spectrum using difference frequency generation to precisely locate the emission clusters, demonstrate CE-SPDC driven atomic spectroscopy, and measure a contribution from unwanted modes of 7.7%. The generated photon pairs efficiently interact with neutral rubidium, a well-developed system for quantum networking and quantum simulation. The techniques are readily extensible to other material systems.
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3
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Bruno N, Bianchet LC, Prakash V, Li N, Alves N, Mitchell MW. Maltese cross coupling to individual cold atoms in free space. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:31042-31052. [PMID: 31684344 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.031042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the simultaneous observation from four directions of the fluorescence of single 87Rb atoms trapped at the common focus of four high numerical aperture (NA=0.5) aspheric lenses. We use an interferometrically-guided pick-and-place technique to precisely and stably position the lenses along the four cardinal directions with their foci at a single central point. The geometry gives right angle access to a single quantum emitter, and will enable new trapping, excitation, and collection methods. The fluorescence signals indicate both sub-Poissonian atom number statistics and photon anti-bunching, showing suitability for cold atom quantum optics.
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4
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Higginbottom DB, Campbell GT, Araneda G, Fang F, Colombe Y, Buchler BC, Lam PK. Fabrication of ultrahigh-precision hemispherical mirrors for quantum-optics applications. Sci Rep 2018; 8:221. [PMID: 29317728 PMCID: PMC5760700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High precision, high numerical aperture mirrors are desirable for mediating strong atom-light coupling in quantum optics applications and can also serve as important reference surfaces for optical metrology. In this work we demonstrate the fabrication of highly-precise hemispheric mirrors with numerical aperture NA = 0.996. The mirrors were fabricated from aluminum by single-point diamond turning using a stable ultra-precision lathe calibrated with an in-situ white-light interferometer. Our mirrors have a diameter of 25 mm and were characterized using a combination of wide-angle single-shot and small-angle stitched multi-shot interferometry. The measurements show root-mean-square (RMS) form errors consistently below 25 nm. The smoothest of our mirrors has a RMS error of 14 nm and a peak-to-valley (PV) error of 88 nm, which corresponds to a form accuracy of λ/50 for visible optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Higginbottom
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Geoff T Campbell
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Gabriel Araneda
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fengzhou Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Centre of MicroNano Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yves Colombe
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ben C Buchler
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ping Koy Lam
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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5
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Striebel M, Wrachtrup J, Gerhardt I. Absorption and Extinction Cross Sections and Photon Streamlines in the Optical Near-field. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15420. [PMID: 29133925 PMCID: PMC5684246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical interaction of light and matter is modeled as an oscillating dipole in a plane wave electromagnetic field. We analyze absorption, scattering and extinction for this system by the energy flow, visualized as streamlines of the Poynting vector. Depending on the dissipative damping of the oscillator, a part of the streamlines ends up in the dipole. Based on a graphical investigation of the streamlines, this represents the absorption cross section, and forms a far-field absorption aperture. In the near-field of the oscillator, a modification of the aperture is observed. As in the case for a linear dipole, we model the energy flow and derive the effective absorption apertures for an oscillator with a circular dipole characteristics - such as an atom in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Striebel
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jӧrg Wrachtrup
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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6
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Chin YS, Steiner M, Kurtsiefer C. Nonlinear photon-atom coupling with 4Pi microscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 29089501 PMCID: PMC5663764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementing nonlinear interactions between single photons and single atoms is at the forefront of optical physics. Motivated by the prospects of deterministic all-optical quantum logic, many efforts are currently underway to find suitable experimental techniques. Focusing the incident photons onto the atom with a lens yielded promising results, but is limited by diffraction to moderate interaction strengths. However, techniques to exceed the diffraction limit are known from high-resolution imaging. Here we adapt a super-resolution imaging technique, 4Pi microscopy, to efficiently couple light to a single atom. We observe 36.6(3)% extinction of the incident field, and a modified photon statistics of the transmitted field-indicating nonlinear interaction at the single-photon level. Our results pave the way to few-photon nonlinear optics with individual atoms in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Sum Chin
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Matthias Steiner
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Christian Kurtsiefer
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
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Steiner M, Leong V, Seidler MA, Cerè A, Kurtsiefer C. Photon bandwidth dependence of light-matter interaction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:6294-6301. [PMID: 28380982 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.006294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the scattering of single photons by single atoms and, in particular, the dependence of the atomic dynamics and the scattering probability on the photon bandwidth. We tightly focus the incident photons onto a single trapped 87Rb atom and use the time-resolved transmission to characterize the interaction strength. Decreasing the bandwidth of the single photons from 6 to 2 times the atomic linewidth, we observe an increase in atomic peak excitation and photon scattering probability.
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8
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Fischer M, Srivathsan B, Alber L, Weber M, Sondermann M, Leuchs G. Shifting the phase of a coherent beam with a 174 Yb + ion: influence of the scattering cross section. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2017; 123:48. [PMID: 32214689 PMCID: PMC7064021 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We discuss and measure the phase shift imposed onto a radially polarized light beam when focusing it onto an 174 Yb + ion. In the derivation of the expected phase shifts, we include the properties of the involved atomic levels. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of the scattering cross section and its relation to the efficiency for coupling the focused light to an atom. The phase shifts found in the experiment are compatible with the expected ones when accounting for known deficiencies of the focusing optics and the motion of the trapped ion at the Doppler limit of laser cooling (Hänsch and Schawlow in Opt Commun 13:68-69, 1975).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bharath Srivathsan
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucas Alber
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Weber
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Sondermann
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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9
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Geng W, Manceau M, Rahbany N, Sallet V, De Vittorio M, Carbone L, Glorieux Q, Bramati A, Couteau C. Localised excitation of a single photon source by a nanowaveguide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19721. [PMID: 26822999 PMCID: PMC4731774 DOI: 10.1038/srep19721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, integrated photonics is a key technology in quantum information processing (QIP) but achieving all-optical buses for quantum networks with efficient integration of single photon emitters remains a challenge. Photonic crystals and cavities are good candidates but do not tackle how to effectively address a nanoscale emitter. Using a nanowire nanowaveguide, we realise an hybrid nanodevice which locally excites a single photon source (SPS). The nanowire acts as a passive or active sub-wavelength waveguide to excite the quantum emitter. Our results show that localised excitation of a SPS is possible and is compared with free-space excitation. Our proof of principle experiment presents an absolute addressing efficiency ηa ~ 10(-4) only ~50% lower than the one using free-space optics. This important step demonstrates that sufficient guided light in a nanowaveguide made of a semiconductor nanowire is achievable to excite a single photon source. We accomplish a hybrid system offering great potentials for electrically driven SPSs and efficient single photon collection and detection, opening the way for optimum absorption/emission of nanoscale emitters. We also discuss how to improve the addressing efficiency of a dipolar nanoscale emitter with our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Geng
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Instrumentation and Optics (LNIO), Charles Delaunay Institute, CNRS UMR 6281, University of Technology of Troyes (UTT), 10000, Troyes, France
| | - Mathieu Manceau
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Rahbany
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Instrumentation and Optics (LNIO), Charles Delaunay Institute, CNRS UMR 6281, University of Technology of Troyes (UTT), 10000, Troyes, France
| | - Vincent Sallet
- Groupe d'étude de la matière condensée (GEMAC), CNRS, University of Versailles St Quentin, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies Via Barsanti sn, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory (NNL), CNR Istituto Nanoscienze, Via per Arnesano km 5, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory (NNL), CNR Istituto Nanoscienze, Via per Arnesano km 5, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Quentin Glorieux
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alberto Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Couteau
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Instrumentation and Optics (LNIO), Charles Delaunay Institute, CNRS UMR 6281, University of Technology of Troyes (UTT), 10000, Troyes, France
- CINTRA CNRS-Thales-NTU UMI 3288, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637553 Singapore
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10
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Hoang TX, Chen X, Sheppard CJR. Multipole and plane wave expansions of diverging and converging fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:8949-8961. [PMID: 24787784 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.008949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents and compares two basis systems, spherical harmonics and plane waves, for studying diverging and converging beams in an optical system. We show a similarity between a converging field and the time reversed field of a radiation field. We present and analyze the differences between the Debye-Wolf diffraction integral and the multipole theory for focusing of polarized light. The Debye-Wolf diffraction integral gives a well-known anomalous behavior on the optical axis and at the edge of the focused beam that can be avoided by using the multipole theory.
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