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Esteves SC, Khastgir G, Shah J, Murdia K, Gupta SM, Rao DG, Dash S, Ingale K, Patil M, Moideen K, Thakor P, Dewda P. Association Between Progesterone Elevation on the Day of Human Chronic Gonadotropin Trigger and Pregnancy Outcomes After Fresh Embryo Transfer in In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycles. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:201. [PMID: 29755412 PMCID: PMC5932157 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone elevation (PE) during the late follicular phase of controlled ovarian stimulation in fresh embryo transfer in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles has been claimed to be associated with decreased pregnancy rates. However, the evidence is not unequivocal, and clinicians still have questions about the clinical validity of measuring P levels during the follicular phase of stimulated cycles. We reviewed the existing literature aimed at answering four relevant clinical questions, namely (i) Is gonadotropin type associated with PE during the follicular phase of stimulated cycles? (ii) Is PE on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) associated with negative fresh embryo transfer IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles outcomes in all patient subgroups? (iii) Which P thresholds are best to identify patients at risk of implantation failure due to PE in a fresh embryo transfer? and (iv) Should a freeze all policy be adopted in all the cycles with PE on the day of hCG? The existing evidence indicates that late follicular phase progesterone rise in gonadotropin releasing analog cycles is mainly caused by the supraphysiological stimulation of granulosa cells with exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone. Yet, the type of gonadotropin used for stimulation seems to play no significant role on progesterone levels at the end of stimulation. Furthermore, PE is not a universal phenomenon with evidence indicating that its detrimental consequences on pregnancy outcomes do not affect all patient populations equally. Patients with high ovarian response to control ovarian stimulation are more prone to exhibit PE at the late follicular phase. However, in studies showing an overall detrimental effect of PE on pregnancy rates, the adverse effect of PE on endometrial receptivity seems to be offset, at least in part, by the availability of good quality embryo for transfer in women with a high ovarian response. Given the limitations of the currently available assays to measure progesterone at low ranges, caution should be applied to adopt specific cutoff values above which the effect of progesterone rise could be considered detrimental and to recommend "freeze-all" based solely on pre-defined cutoff points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro C. Esteves
- ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas, Brazil
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jatin Shah
- Mumbai Fertility Center – Kamala Polyclinic & Nursing Home, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Durga G. Rao
- Oasis Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Hyderabad, India
| | - Soumyaroop Dash
- Srishti Assisted Fertility & Advanced Laparoscopy Center, Srishti Hospital, Moolakulam, India
| | - Kundan Ingale
- Nirmiti Clinic, Centre for Assisted Reproduction, Chinchwad, India
| | | | | | | | - Pavitra Dewda
- Merck Limited, Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Pavitra Dewda,
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Zhu X, Ye H, Fu Y. Comparison of neonatal outcomes following progesterone use during ovarian stimulation with frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7835. [PMID: 28798414 PMCID: PMC5552824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone soft capsules (brand name: Utrogestan) were demonstrated to be an effective oral alternative to prevent premature LH surges both in normal-ovulatory and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients. However, its safety in terms of neonatal outcomes is unclear. To evaluate whether Utrogestan use increase the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes compared with short protocol in patients undergoing IVF/ICSI treatments in combination with frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET), we performed a retrospective analysis including 1008 FET cycles, with embryos originated from either Utrogestan + hMG protocol (n = 499), or short protocol (n = 509), which led to 546 live-born infants. The neonatal characteristics regarding preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), gestational age and mode of delivery were comparable in the two groups. The incidence of live-birth defect was 0.68% (2/293) in the Utrogestan + hMG protocol compared with 0.79% (2/253) in the short protocol. No early neonatal death or intrauterine death were recorded in either group. To date, the data do not indicate an elevated rate of abnormality at birth after progesterone use during ovarian stimulation but further study with larger populations is needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxian Zhu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Rd., Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Hongjuan Ye
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Rd., Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yonglun Fu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Rd., Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Demirel C, Aydoğdu S, Özdemir Aİ, Keskin G, Baştu E, Buyru F. Blastocyst transfer does not improve cycle outcome as compared to D3 transfer in antagonist cycles with an elevated progesterone level on the day of hCG. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2017; 18:133-138. [PMID: 28890427 PMCID: PMC5590209 DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.2017.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the association between progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration and clinical pregnancy rates of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles with the transfer of embryos at different developmental stages (day-3 versus day-5 ETs). Material and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of fresh IVF/ICSI; 194 cycles out of 2676 conducted in a single center. Results: A total of 2676 cycles were analyzed, of which 386 had no progesterone measurements available. Two hundred eighteen cycles had progesterone elevation (p>1.5 ng/mL) giving an overall incidence of 9.5%. Twenty-four cycles were excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 194 cycles, 151 had day-3 transfers and 43 had blastocyst transfers. There was no statistically significant difference in pregnancy and clinical pregnancy rates per transfer between the D3-ET and D5-ET groups (46% vs. 49%, and 39% vs. 35%, respectively). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that blastocyst transfer does not improve cycle outcomes compared with D3 transfer in GnRH antagonist cycles with an elevated progesterone level on the day of hCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Demirel
- In Vitro Fertilization Center, Memorial Ataşehir Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Aydoğdu
- In Vitro Fertilization Center, Memorial Ataşehir Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gülşah Keskin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercan Baştu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Buyru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Huang Y, Wang EY, Du QY, Xiong YJ, Guo XY, Yu YP, Sun YP. Progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration adversely affects the outcome of IVF with transferred embryos at different developmental stages. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:82. [PMID: 26238449 PMCID: PMC4524365 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of progesterone elevation (PE) on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration on the pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles is a matter of ongoing debate. The replacement of cleavage-stage embryos with blastocyst-stage embryos for transfer was proposed to avoid the possible impairment of PE in fresh cycles. This study aimed to assess the association between PE on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration and clinical pregnancy rates (CPRs) in IVF/ICSI cycles with embryos transferred at different developmental stages (cleavage and blastocyst). Moreover, a secondary aim was to determine the thresholds at which PE has a detrimental effect on CPRs. METHODS This single-center retrospective cohort study included more than 10,000 patients undergoing day 3 cleavage-stage embryo transfer (ET) and 1146 patients undergoing day 5 blastocyst-stage embryo transfer (ET) using gonadotropin and GnRH agonist for controlled ovarian stimulation. RESULTS Serum PE was inversely associated with CPRs in both cleavage- and blastocyst-stage ET cycles. In the day 3 ET cycles, CPRs (progesterone levels < 0.5 ng/ml, 49.2 %) significantly declined when the progesterone concentration reached 1.0 ng/ml (45.5 %) and decreased further when the progesterone concentration increased to 1.5 ng/ml (36.2 %). In the day 5 blastocyst-stage ET cycles, patients with serum progesterone levels ≥1.75 ng/ml had significantly lower CPRs (31.3 % VS. 41.4 %, p < 0.001) compared to patients with serum progesterone levels <1.75 ng/ml. The negative association of PE with CPRs was noted in both ET groups, even after adjusting for confounders. Furthermore, the developmental stage of the transferred embryos was not linked to the effect of PE on CPRs because the interaction between the developmental stage of the transferred embryos and PE was not significant. CONCLUSIONS PE on the day of hCG administration is associated with decreased CPRs in GnRH agonist IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles regardless of the developmental stage of the transferred embryos (cleavage versus blastocyst stage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Dong Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - En-Yin Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Dong Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing-Yun Du
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Dong Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Jing Xiong
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Dong Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Yi Guo
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Dong Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Ping Yu
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Dong Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying-Pu Sun
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Dong Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Lee VCY, Li RHW, Chai J, Yeung TWY, Yeung WSB, Ho PC, Ng EHY. Effect of preovulatory progesterone elevation and duration of progesterone elevation on the pregnancy rate of frozen–thawed embryo transfer in natural cycles. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:1288-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Progesterone level at oocyte retrieval predicts in vitro fertilization success in a short-antagonist protocol: a prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:676-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cetinkaya ES, Berker B, Aytac R, Atabekoglu C, Sonmezer M, Ozmen B. The value of the progesterone-to-estradiol ratio on the day of hCG administration in predicting ongoing pregnancy and live birth rates in normoresponders undergoing GnRH antagonist cycles. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170:452-7. [PMID: 23932375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of the progesterone-to-estradiol (P/E2) ratio on the day of hCG administration with ongoing pregnancy rates in patients with normal ovarian reserve undergoing GnRH antagonist cycles. STUDY DESIGN Observational cohort study including 129 women with normal ovarian reserve undergoing the GnRH antagonist protocol at the IVF unit of Ankara University School of Medicine. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to determine cut-off values for the P/E2 ratio detrimental to IVF/ICSI-ET outcomes. The ongoing pregnancy rate was the primary outcome measure. Groups were compared using the independent-samples Student's t-test, Mann Whitney and Chi-Square tests. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between the variables and the P/E2 ratio. RESULTS The optimal cut-off value for P/E2 ratio in GnRH antagonist cycles was 0.48; ongoing pregnancy rates and live birth rates were found to be significantly higher in patients with P/E2 ratios≤0.48 than those with>0.48 (50% vs 22.4%, p=0.001 and 38.5% vs 19.7%, p=0.02, respectively). In logistic regression analysis, the P/E2 ratio was found to be an independent predictor for pregnancy, but the sensitivity (69%), specificity (61%) and overall accuracy (67%) were low as a predictor test for cycle outcome. CONCLUSION Although a P/E2 ratio≤0.48 on the day of hCG administration was associated with significantly higher ongoing pregnancy and live birth rates, it has poor predictive value for cycle outcome in patients with normal ovarian reserve undergoing GnRH antagonist cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra S Cetinkaya
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ochsenkühn R, Arzberger A, von Schönfeldt V, Gallwas J, Rogenhofer N, Crispin A, Thaler CJ, Noss U. Subtle progesterone rise on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration is associated with lower live birth rates in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology: a retrospective study with 2,555 fresh embryo transfers. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:347-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Elnashar AM. Progesterone rise on the day of HCG administration (premature luteinization) in IVF: an overdue update. J Assist Reprod Genet 2010; 27:149-55. [PMID: 20177771 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-010-9393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature luteinization (PL) refers to a rise in serum progesterone (P) levels on the day of hCG administration. Most studies used an absolute P level on the day of hCG administration as an indicator of PL, and the cutoff level differed from 0.8 to 2 ng/mL. Some authors defined PL as a P/E2 ratio of >1. There is a marked variation in the incidence (13% to 71%), of PL due to discrepancies in definition, population characteristics and/or treatment protocols. The pathogenesis of PL in COH is still poorly understood. Several hypotheses may be considered to explain this phenomenon: elevation of follicular LH levels, serum accumulation of HCG from HMG, increased LH receptor sensitivity of the granulosa cells to FSH, or poor ovarian response with increased LH sensitivity. The consequences of this premature elevation of serum P on IVF outcome remain controversial. Attempts to prevent COH include: use of Low-dose hCG alone in the late COH stages, flexible antagonist protocol, use of mifepristone, aspiration of a single leading follicle, hCG administration when the levels of serum P exceeded 1.0 ng/mL.
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