1
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Hogg M, Wolfschmitt EM, Wachter U, Zink F, Radermacher P, Vogt JA. Ex Vivo 13C-Metabolic Flux Analysis of Porcine Circulating Immune Cells Reveals Cell Type-Specific Metabolic Patterns and Sex Differences in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Biomolecules 2024; 14:98. [PMID: 38254698 PMCID: PMC10813356 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In general, females present with stronger immune responses than males, but scarce data are available on sex-specific differences in immunometabolism. In this study, we characterized porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and granulocyte energy metabolism using a Bayesian 13C-metabolic flux analysis, which allowed precise determination of the glycolytic, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) fluxes, together with an assessment of the superoxide anion radical (O2•-) production and mitochondrial O2 consumption. A principal component analysis allowed for identifying the cell type-specific patterns of metabolic plasticity. PBMCs displayed higher TCA cycle activity, especially glutamine-derived aspartate biosynthesis, which was directly related to mitochondrial respiratory activity and inversely related to O2•- production. In contrast, the granulocytes mainly utilized glucose via glycolysis, which was coupled to oxidative PPP utilization and O2•- production rates. The granulocytes of the males had higher oxidative PPP fluxes compared to the females, while the PBMCs of the females displayed higher non-oxidative PPP fluxes compared to the males associated with the T helper cell (CD3+CD4+) subpopulation of PBMCs. The observed sex-specific differences were not directly attributable to sex steroid plasma levels, but we detected an inverse correlation between testosterone and aldosterone plasma levels and showed that aldosterone levels were related with non-oxidative PPP fluxes of both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hogg
- Institute for Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (E.-M.W.); (U.W.); (F.Z.); (P.R.); (J.A.V.)
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2
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Hickman E, Rebuli ME, Robinette C, Jaspers I. Understanding the Relationship Between Neutrophil Function and Demographic Variables. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3622445. [PMID: 38045266 PMCID: PMC10690322 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3622445/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a crucial role in the body's defense against respiratory pathogens, and dysregulation is linked to airway diseases. The study presented here explores the association between demographic factors (age, BMI, and sex) and functional phenotypes (oxidative burst and bioenergetics) of neutrophils. We measured PMA-stimulated oxidative burst (Seahorse XF) and phagocytosis (pHrodo red S. aureus ) of human peripheral blood neutrophils and determined whether there were significant demographic associations with cellular function. There were no significant associations between neutrophil oxidative burst bioenergetic parameters or phagocytosis and BMI or age. However, our data revealed sexual dimorphism in neutrophil phagocytosis, with males exhibiting significantly higher phagocytic capacity than females. Additionally, phagocytic capacity and bioenergetic parameters were correlated in males but not in females. The study indicates potential variations in neutrophil activation pathways between males and female and emphasizes the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in respiratory host defense research.
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3
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Maciejewski M, Siódmiak J, Borkowski B, Lorkowski M, Olszewska-Słonina DM. Lipid Peroxidation as a Possible Factor Affecting Bone Resorption in Obese Subjects-Preliminary Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11629. [PMID: 37511388 PMCID: PMC10380302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which promotes bone catabolism, also affects the quality of bone tissue. We aimed to assess the impact of metabolic disorders and oxidant-antioxidant imbalance associated with primary obesity on bone resorption and formation processes. Anthropometric parameters, metabolic variables, oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde, vitamins A and E, uric acid, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, type 1 paraoxonase, iron-reducing plasma antioxidant power) and markers of bone turnover (type I procollagen N-terminal propeptide and the type I collagen C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide; P1NP and CTX) were assessed in 108 Polish participants. Under the influence of oxidative stress, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms were stimulated in obese subjects, especially in women, who had increased lipid peroxidation and activity of catalase (particularly in first-degree obesity) and decreased vitamin E concentration. The process of lipid peroxidation, as well as the weakening of the bone formation, was strongly manifested in women at a BMI range of 35.0-39.9 kg/m2 but not at BMI > 40.0 kg/m2, but it had a comprehensive negative impact on bone turnover in obese men. Obesity and its degree of advancement significantly affected the decrease in the concentration of the marker of bone formation-P1NP-only in the plasma of women. Excessive body weight had no effect on the value of the bone resorption marker in plasma, regardless of gender. Our results confirm the existence of the "obesity paradox" in the aspect of bone tissue metabolism and suggest that a specific body weight threshold changed the molecular response of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Maciejewski
- Clinical Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Musculoskeletal System, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital in Bydgoszcz, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Siódmiak
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Borkowski
- Clinical Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Musculoskeletal System, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital in Bydgoszcz, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Matthias Lorkowski
- Clinical Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Musculoskeletal System, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital in Bydgoszcz, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dorota M Olszewska-Słonina
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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4
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Chakraborty B, Byemerwa J, Krebs T, Lim F, Chang CY, McDonnell DP. Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Immune System. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:117-141. [PMID: 35709009 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune function in normal homeostasis and in autoimmunity is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how estrogens affect innate and adaptive immune cell activity and how dysregulation of estrogen signaling underlies the pathobiology of some autoimmune diseases and cancers. The potential roles of the major circulating estrogens, and each of the 3 estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled receptor) in the regulation of the activity of different immune cells are considered. This provides the framework for a discussion of the impact of ER modulators (aromatase inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and selective estrogen receptor downregulators) on immunity. Synthesis of this information is timely given the considerable interest of late in defining the mechanistic basis of sex-biased responses/outcomes in patients with different cancers treated with immune checkpoint blockade. It will also be instructive with respect to the further development of ER modulators that modulate immunity in a therapeutically useful manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binita Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jovita Byemerwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Taylor Krebs
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Known Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Felicia Lim
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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5
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Pokhrel S, Triplett KD, Daly SM, Joyner JA, Sharma G, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER, Hall PR. Complement Receptor 3 Contributes to the Sexual Dimorphism in Neutrophil Killing of Staphylococcus aureus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1593-1600. [PMID: 32769122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported sex differences in innate susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus skin infection and that bone marrow neutrophils (BMN) from female mice have an enhanced ability to kill S. aureus ex vivo compared with those of male mice. However, the mechanism(s) driving this sex bias in neutrophil killing have not been reported. Given the role of opsonins such as complement, as well as their receptors, in S. aureus recognition and clearance, we investigated their contribution to the enhanced bactericidal capacity of female BMN. We found that levels of C3 in the serum and CR3 (CD11b/CD18) on the surface of BMN were higher in female compared with male mice. Consistent with increased CR3 expression following TNF-α priming, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important bactericidal effector, was also increased in female versus male BMN in response to serum-opsonized S. aureus Furthermore, blocking CD11b reduced both ROS levels and S. aureus killing by murine BMN from both sexes. However, at the same concentration of CD11b blocking Ab, S. aureus killing by female BMN was greatly reduced compared with those from male mice, suggesting CR3-dependent differences in bacterial killing between sexes. Overall, this work highlights the contributions of CR3, C3, and ROS to innate sex bias in the neutrophil response to S. aureus Given that neutrophils are crucial for S. aureus clearance, understanding the mechanism(s) driving the innate sex bias in neutrophil bactericidal capacity could identify novel host factors important for host defense against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Pokhrel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Kathleen D Triplett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Seth M Daly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jason A Joyner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Pamela R Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
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6
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Baghel K, Niranjan MK, Srivastava R. Water and Food restriction decreases immunoreactivity of oestrogen receptor alpha and antioxidant activity in testes of sexually mature Coturnix coturnix japonica. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1738-1747. [PMID: 32483881 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Food and water are closely associated with reproductive willingness in vertebrates. These are important for animals and their non-availability act as stressors which decrease sex steroid secretion suppressing reproductive behaviour. Oestrogen plays a crucial role in reproduction via its receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ). This study tested the hypothesis that ERα in testes of male Japanese quail is regulated during water and food deprivations. The present study reveals that both water and food deprivations cause oxidative stress and subsequently decrease catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, while these increase malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Both deprivations reduce plasma oestradiol whereas elevate corticosterone level. The immunofluorescent localization of ERα in the testes occurs predominantly in the seminiferous tubules of control while reduces after both food and water deprivations. All types of spermatogenic cells were seen in control testis, while after water and food deprivations size of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells population decreased. Scanning electron microscopic study exhibited fully mature sperms in clusters with head and elongated flagellum, whereas after water deprivation maximum sperms were distorted, scattered with highly reduced head. On food deprivation, only few sperms were seen with head and tail. Thus, taking into account the localization of ERα in testis, it is obvious that oestrogens produced locally are involved in regulation of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Baghel
- Avian Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Mukesh K Niranjan
- Avian Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Rashmi Srivastava
- Avian Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
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7
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Dimorphic effect of 17β-oestradiol on pathology and oxidative stress in experimental malaria. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151873. [PMID: 31812344 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is the parasitic disease with the highest mortality worldwide; males exhibit higher mortality and more severe symptomatology than females, suggesting the participation of sexual hormones in protection and pathology. We have documented that gonadectomy modifies oxidative stress in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice in a dimorphic manner. However, gonadectomy decreases all sexual steroids levels, making it difficult to determine the contribution of each hormone to the results. This study aimed to explore the participation of 17β-oestradiol (E2) in oxidative stress in the blood, spleen, liver and brain of P. berghei-infected female and male mice. E2 was administered to intact or gonadectomized (GX) male and female mice to assess their effects on parasitaemia, body weight loss and hypothermia. We also measured the effect of E2 on the specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the blood, spleen, liver and brain of CBA/Ca male and female mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. We detected the effects of E2 and sexual dimorphism on all tissues and variables analysed. Administration of E2 increased parasitaemia in intact mice. However, reconstitution of GX female mice with E2 decreased parasitaemia. E2 decreased body weight and differentially modulated oxidative stress depending on the sex, infection and tissue analysed. Low antioxidant activity was detected in the brain, suggesting additional protective antioxidant mechanisms in the brain independent of antioxidant enzymes. Our results explained, at least in part, the sexual dimorphism in this experimental model of malaria.
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8
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Zhang P, Fu Y, Ju J, Wan D, Su H, Wang Z, Rui H, Jin Q, Le Y, Hou R. Estradiol inhibits fMLP-induced neutrophil migration and superoxide production by upregulating MKP-2 and dephosphorylating ERK. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105787. [PMID: 31401382 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen has been reported to inhibit neutrophil infiltration related inflammation and suppress neutrophils migration in vitro, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. By using HL-60 differentiated neutrophil-like cells (dHL-60) and human neutrophils, we examined the effect of 17-β estradiol (E2) on cell migration and superoxide production in response to chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and explored the mechanisms involved. We found that fMLP significantly induced dHL-60 cell and neutrophil migration and superoxide production, which was inhibited by ERK inhibitor PD98059. E2 significantly inhibited fMLP-induced dHL-60 cell and neutrophil migration and superoxide production at both physiological and pharmacological concentrations. Mechanistic studies showed that pretreatment of these cells with E2 rapidly elevated the protein level of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 2 (MKP-2) and inhibited fMLP-induced ERK phosphorylation. Pretreatment of these cells with estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182780 reversed the inhibition of fMP-induced cell migration and superoxide production, and the induction of MKP-2 expression and the suppression of fMP-induced ERK phosphorylation by E2. However, pretreatment of cells with G-protein coupled ER antagonist G15 had no such effect. Collectively, these results demonstrate that fMLP stimulates neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide production through activating ERK, and indicate that ER-mediated upregulation of MKP-2 may dephosphorylate ERK and contribute to the inhibitory effect of E2 on neutrophil activation by fMLP. Our study reveals new mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, China
| | - Jihui Ju
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, China
| | - Dapeng Wan
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, China
| | - Hao Su
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, China
| | - Zhaodong Wang
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, China
| | - Huajuan Rui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, China
| | - Qianheng Jin
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, China
| | - Yingying Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, China; Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, China.
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9
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Segovia-Mendoza M, Morales-Montor J. Immune Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer and the Participation of Estrogen and Its Receptors in Cancer Physiopathology. Front Immunol 2019; 10:348. [PMID: 30881360 PMCID: PMC6407672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is characterized by cellular and molecular heterogeneity. Several molecular events are involved in controlling malignant cell process. In this sense, the importance of studying multiple cell alterations in this pathology is overriding. A well-identified fact on immune response is that it can vary depend on sex. Steroid hormones and their receptors may regulate different functions and the responses of several subpopulations of the immune system. Few reports are focused on the function of estrogen receptors (ERs) on immune cells and their roles in different breast cancer subtypes. Thus, the aim of this review is to investigate the immune infiltrating tumor microenvironment and prognosis conferred by it in different breast cancer subtypes, discuss the current knowledge and point out the roles of estrogens and its receptors on the infiltrating immune cells, as well as to identify how different immune subsets are modulated after anti-hormonal treatments in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Neutrophils life under estrogenic and xenoestrogenic control. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:203-211. [PMID: 30381249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 years ago, scientists had identified cells that represent the most abundant population of peripheral blood leukocytes; they called this population neutrophils. Day by day, the knowledge specific to neutrophils is augmented with new and often surprising aspects and facts about neutrophils' life or death. Estrogens (estrone, estriol, and estradiol) are relevant for the regulation of immune responses that are related with neutrophils. An understanding of the molecular mechanism of the action of endogenous hormones allows us to predict the effects of the substances that commonly occur in an environment with estrogen-like properties (xenoestrogens (e.g., bisphenol A, DDT, tributyltin, polychlorinated biphenyls, nonylphenol and octylphenol)). Therefore, we summarize current literature on the impact of estrogens and xenoestrogens, on each aspect of neutrophil life, as well as describe its mechanism of actions in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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11
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Ratajczak-Wrona W, Nowak K, Garley M, Tynecka M, Jablonska E. Sex-specific differences in the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by bisphenol A in neutrophils. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 38:239-246. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327118793188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of bisphenol A (BPA) on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by neutrophils with regard to sex and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway participation in this process. This study demonstrated that BPA intensifies the production of NO and the expression of iNOS in the cytoplasmic fraction of neutrophils of women as well as men. In addition, an enhanced expression of NF-κB in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fraction of neutrophils exposed to BPA was observed in the cells of both sexes. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of neutrophils of both sexes led to an intensification of NO production and expression of all tested proteins. However, simultaneous stimulation of neutrophils of both men and women with LPS and BPA decreased the production of NO and expression of iNOS and NF-κB in both fractions compared to the cells exposed only to xenoestrogen. Moreover, expression of iNOS and NF-κB was higher in female neutrophils than in male cells. This study demonstrated that BPA affects the production of NO with the participation of iNOS by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. This process is associated with the activation of the NF-κB pathway. In addition, different activity of NF-κB in neutrophils, observed with respect to sex, indicates a different role of this pathway in female and male cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ratajczak-Wrona
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - K Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - M Garley
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - M Tynecka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - E Jablonska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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12
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Castleman MJ, Pokhrel S, Triplett KD, Kusewitt DF, Elmore BO, Joyner JA, Femling JK, Sharma G, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER, Hall PR. Innate Sex Bias of Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection Is Driven by α-Hemolysin. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:657-668. [PMID: 29222165 PMCID: PMC5760295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported sex bias in infectious diseases, with bias direction dependent on pathogen and site of infection. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), yet sex bias in susceptibility to S. aureus SSTI has not been described. A search of electronic health records revealed an odds ratio of 2.4 for S. aureus SSTI in males versus females. To investigate the physiological basis of this bias, we compared outcomes between male and female mice in a model of S. aureus dermonecrosis. Consistent with the epidemiological data, female mice were better protected against SSTI, with reduced dermonecrosis followed later by increased bacterial clearance. Protection in females was disrupted by ovariectomy and restored by short-term estrogen administration. Importantly, this sex bias was mediated by a sex-specific response to the S. aureus-secreted virulence factor α-hemolysin (Hla). Infection with wild-type S. aureus suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in the skin of female, but not male, mice when compared with infection with an isogenic hla deletion mutant. This differential response was conserved following injection with Hla alone, demonstrating a direct response to Hla independent of bacterial burden. Additionally, neutrophils, essential for clearing S. aureus, demonstrated sex-specific S. aureus bactericidal capacity ex vivo. This work suggests that sex-specific skin innate responsiveness to Hla and neutrophil bactericidal capacity play important roles in limiting S. aureus SSTI in females. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling this sex bias may reveal novel targets to promote host innate defense against S. aureus skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J Castleman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Srijana Pokhrel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Kathleen D Triplett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Donna F Kusewitt
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Bradley O Elmore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jason A Joyner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jon K Femling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Pamela R Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
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13
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Roved J, Westerdahl H, Hasselquist D. Sex differences in immune responses: Hormonal effects, antagonistic selection, and evolutionary consequences. Horm Behav 2017; 88:95-105. [PMID: 27956226 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as important modulators of immune responses; the male sex hormone testosterone is generally immunosuppressive while the female sex hormone estrogen tends to be immunoenhancing. Different sets of T-helper cells (Th) have important roles in adaptive immunity, e.g. Th1 cells trigger type 1 responses which are primarily cell-mediated, and Th2 cells trigger type 2 responses which are primarily humoral responses. In our review of the literature, we find that estrogen and progesterone enhance type 2 and suppress type 1 responses in females, whereas testosterone suppresses type 2 responses and shows an inconsistent pattern for type 1 responses in males. When we combine these patterns of generally immunosuppressive and immunoenhancing effects of the sex hormones, our results imply that the sex differences in immune responses should be particularly strong in immune functions associated with type 2 responses, and less pronounced with type 1 responses. In general the hormone-mediated sex differences in immune responses may lead to genetic sexual conflicts on immunity. Thus, we propose the novel hypothesis that sexually antagonistic selection may act on immune genes shared by the sexes, and that the strength of this sexually antagonistic selection should be stronger for type 2- as compared with type 1-associated immune genes. Finally, we put the consequences of sex hormone-induced effects on immune responses into behavioral and ecological contexts, considering social mating system, sexual selection, geographical distribution of hosts, and parasite abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Roved
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Helena Westerdahl
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dennis Hasselquist
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Rodenas MC, Tamassia N, Cabas I, Calzetti F, Meseguer J, Cassatella MA, García-Ayala A, Mulero V. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 Regulates Human Neutrophil Functions. Biomed Hub 2017; 2:1-13. [PMID: 31988900 PMCID: PMC6945935 DOI: 10.1159/000454981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of estrogens in immune functioning is relatively well known under both physiological and pathological conditions. Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocytes in humans, and their abundance and function are regulated by estrogens, since they express estrogen receptors (ERs). Traditionally, estrogens were thought to act via classical nuclear ERs, namely ERα and ERβ. However, it was observed that some estrogens induced biological effects only minutes after their application. This rapid, "nongenomic" effect of estrogens is mediated by a membrane-anchored receptor called G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). Nevertheless, the expression and role of GPER1 in the immune system has not been exhaustively studied, and its relevance in neutrophil functions remains unknown. Methods Human neutrophils were incubated in vitro with 10-100 µ<smlcap>M</smlcap> of the GPER1-specific agonist G1 alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide. GPER1 expression and subcellular localization, respiratory burst, life span, gene expression profile, and cell signaling pathways involved were then analyzed in stimulated neutrophils. Results Human neutrophils express a functional GPER1 which regulates their functions through cAMP/protein kinase A/cAMP response element-binding protein, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and extracellular regulated MAPK signaling pathways. Thus, GPER1 activation in vitro increases the respiratory burst of neutrophils, extends their life span, and drastically alters their gene expression profile. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that GPER1 activation promotes the polarization of human neutrophils towards a proinflammatory phenotype and point to GPER1 as a potential therapeutic target in immune diseases where neutrophils play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Rodenas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicola Tamassia
- Department of General Pathology, Medical School, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Isabel Cabas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Federica Calzetti
- Department of General Pathology, Medical School, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marco A Cassatella
- Department of General Pathology, Medical School, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alfonsa García-Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Mudrovcic N, Arefin S, Van Craenenbroeck AH, Kublickiene K. Endothelial maintenance in health and disease: Importance of sex differences. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:48-60. [PMID: 28108363 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium has emerged as more than just an inert monolayer of cells lining the vascular bed. It represents the interface between the blood stream and vessel wall, and has a strategic role in regulating vascular homeostasis by the release of vasoactive substances. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Recognition of sex-specific factors implicated in endothelial cell biology is important for the identification of clinically relevant preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. This review aims to give an overview of the recent advances in understanding the importance of sex specific observations in endothelial maintenance, both in healthy and diseased conditions. The female endothelium is highlighted in the context of polycystic ovary syndrome and pre-eclampsia. Furthermore, sex differences are explored in chronic kidney disease, which is currently appreciated as one of public health priorities. Overall, this review endorses integration of sex analysis in experimental and patient-oriented research in the exciting field of vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neja Mudrovcic
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Division of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samsul Arefin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Division of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amaryllis H Van Craenenbroeck
- Department of Nephrology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Division of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Gender Medicine, Department of Medicine-Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ahmedi M, Belguendouz H, Messaoudene D, Mesbah-Amroun H, Terahi M, Lahlou-Boukoffa O, Touil-Boukoffa C. Influence des hormones stéroïdes sur la production de deux marqueurs inflammatoires, l’IL-12 et le monoxyde d’azote, au cours de la maladie de Behçet. J Fr Ophtalmol 2016; 39:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dong G, Fan H, Yang Y, Zhao G, You M, Wang T, Hou Y. 17β-Estradiol enhances the activation of IFN-α signaling in B cells by down-regulating the expression of let-7e-5p, miR-98-5p and miR-145a-5p that target IKKε. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1852:1585-98. [PMID: 25912736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activation of IFN-α signaling in B cells contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Many studies suggest that estrogens are closely related to the gender difference in the prevalence of SLE. However, the underlying mechanism of the interaction between estrogens and the activation of IFN-α signaling in SLE B cells remains incompletely understood. In the present study, we first found that healthy female mice showed an up-regulated type I IFN-induced gene signature in B cells compared with age-matched male mice, and an in vivo study revealed that the gender difference was related to 17β-estradiol. Moreover, we found that 17β-estradiol could enhance the activation of IFN-α signaling in an ERα-dependent manner by down-regulating the expression of three microRNAs, including let-7e-5p, miR-98-5p and miR-145a-5p. These microRNAs could target the 3'UTR of the IKKε-encoding gene IKBKE directly and regulate the expression of IKKε, which can promote the activation of IFN-α signaling. In addition, compared with age-matched male mice, female mice showed a higher level of IKKε and lower levels of let-7e-5p, miR-98-5p and miR-145a-5p in B cells. Moreover, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from women showed a higher level of IKKε and lower levels of let-7e-5p, miR-98-5p and miR-145a-5p compared with those from age-matched men. These data suggest that 17β-estradiol amplifies the activation of IFN-α signaling in B cells via IKKε by down-regulating the expression of let-7e-5p, miR-98-5p and miR-145a-5p. Our findings may provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanism underlying the gender difference in the prevalence of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hongye Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guangfeng Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ming You
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Stark J, Varbiro S, Sipos M, Tulassay Z, Sara L, Adler I, Dinya E, Magyar Z, Szekacs B, Marczell I, Kloosterboer HJ, Racz K, Bekesi G. Antioxidant effect of the active metabolites of tibolone. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:31-5. [PMID: 25054375 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.943727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain steroidal compounds have an antioxidant effect in humans. Our aim was to test whether the synthetic steroid tibolone and its metabolites are also able to display such a property. For this, granulocytes from healthy men and women were incubated for two hours with different concentrations (10(-7), 10(-8), 10(-9 )M) of either estradiol, tibolone, 3α-hydroxytibolone, 3β-hydroxytibolone, Δ(4)-tibolone, 3α-sulfated-tibolone, 3α-17β-disulfated-tibolone, 3β-sulfated-tibolone or 3β-17β-disulfated-tibolone. Superoxide anion generation of neutrophils was measured by photometry. Results of different steroids were given as percentages of their controls. A more simple superoxide generating system, the xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction was also tested. We found that granulocyte superoxide production did not differ from the control using 10(-9 )M of steroids. Using 10(-8 )M concentration: estradiol (80.9 ± 2.5%); 3β-sulfated-tibolone (83.3 ± 4.7%); 3β-17β-disulfated-tibolone (81.0 ± 4.2%) caused a significant decrease in superoxide production, compared to the control. In addition at 10(-7 )M, 3β-hydroxytibolone and 3α-sulfated-tibolone also showed antioxidant effects. In the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system estradiol (67.4 ± 1.0%), 3α-sulfated-tibolone (85.8 ± 5.3%), 3α-17β-disulfated-tibolone (71.9 ± 2.5%), 3β-sulfated-tibolone (73.9 ± 5.0%), and 3β-17β-disulfated-tibolone (65.8 ± 3.4%) caused a significant decrease in superoxide production. Conclusively, although tibolone itself did not show significant antioxidant capacity, most of its active metabolites have antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stark
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
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Kosyreva AM, Simonova EY, Makarova OV. Gender Differences in Pulmonary and Immune Response in Acute Experimental Endotoxicosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:340-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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El-Tawil A. Mechanism of non-specific-fistula-in-ano: Hormonal aspects—Review. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2012; 19:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Islander U, Jochems C, Lagerquist MK, Forsblad-d'Elia H, Carlsten H. Estrogens in rheumatoid arthritis; the immune system and bone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 335:14-29. [PMID: 20685609 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that is more common in women than in men. The peak incidence in females coincides with menopause when the ovarian production of sex hormones drops markedly. RA is characterized by skeletal manifestations where production of pro-inflammatory mediators, connected to the inflammation in the joint, leads to bone loss. Animal studies have revealed distinct beneficial effects of estrogens on arthritis, and a positive effect of hormone replacement therapy has been reported in women with postmenopausal RA. This review will focus on the influence of female sex hormones in the pathogenesis and progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Islander
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Magyar Z, Bekesi G, Racz K, Feher J, Schaff Z, Lengyel G, Blazovics A, Illyes G, Szombath D, Hrabak A, Szekacs B, Gergics P, Marczell I, Dinya E, Rigo J, Tulassay Z. Increased total scavenger capacity and decreased liver fat content in rats fed dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate on a high-fat diet. Gerontology 2010; 57:343-9. [PMID: 20881377 DOI: 10.1159/000321385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weak androgens have an antioxidant effect in vitro which is represented as a beneficial change in the antioxidant status. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to clarify whether dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS) oral administration results in beneficial antioxidant changes in Sprague-Dawley adult male rats in vivo. METHODS Groups of experimental animals were fed a high-fat or a normal-fat diet and treated with DHEA or DHEAS in the drinking fluid. The control group was fed a high-fat diet together with untreated drinking fluid. Total scavenger capacity (TSC) was measured before and after 4 weeks of treatment in blood samples using a chemiluminometric assay. Fat content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the liver were determined by Sudan staining and spectrophotometric assessments, respectively, from the fresh frozen tissue. RESULTS DHEA and the DHEAS treatment showed significantly increased TSC in the groups fed a high-fat diet. The control group and the DHEA- or DHEAS-treated groups on normal diets showed no significant changes in TSC. The total score of liver fat content in the high-fat diet groups showed a marked positivity with Sudan staining, and the groups treated with DHEA or DHEAS had a markedly decreased amount of fat in the liver slides compared to the untreated group on the high-fat diet. Liver SOD activity was decreased in all high-fat diet groups and elevated only in the groups on a normal diet with DHEA or DHEAS treatment. Liver catalase and GST activities were decreased in the groups where TSC was significantly increased. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that DHEA and DHEAS supplementation can improve the antioxidant status in lipid-rich dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Magyar
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Gilliver SC. Sex steroids as inflammatory regulators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:105-15. [PMID: 20045727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that endogenous sex steroids are key players in a range of inflammatory contexts. Androgens and estrogens have been shown to have a profound influence on the function of inflammatory cells including macrophages and on the secretion and activation of a range of plasma-borne inflammatory mediators. The menopause and polymorphisms in estrogen receptor genes have separately been shown to affect the incidence of a range of inflammatory disorders. Sex steroids themselves have been shown to be protective in certain conditions; harmful in others. This review will summarize their documented effects on inflammatory processes, with particular focus on two areas that have received much recent attention: the antiatherosclerotic properties of estrogens in females and the wound healing effects of sex steroids.
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