1
|
Gao H, Lei X, Ye S, Ye T, Hua R, Wang G, Song H, Zhou P, Wang Y, Cai B. Genistein attenuates memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease via ERS-mediated apoptotic pathway in vivo and in vitro. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 109:109118. [PMID: 35933022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genistein (GS), an isoflavone compound found in soybean, plays a neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism of its action remains unclear. Herein, binding ability between GS and GRP78 was predicted by molecular docking, and the effect of GS in vivo and vitro were further studied. In this study, the effects of GS on learning and memory ability, changes of hippocampal neurons and ultrastructure of hippocampal CA3 region in AD rats were investigated. Besides, the protein or mRNA levels of the related proteins were detected. The results showed GS could effectively improve the learning and the memory ability, reduce the damage of hippocampal neurons, and decrease the protein or mRNA expression levels of GRP78, CHOP, Caspase-12, Cle-Caspase-9, Cle-Caspase-3, PERK, and p-PERK. Taken together, our data reveal GS has a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the ERS-mediated apoptotic pathway, which may be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huawu Gao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shu Ye
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Ye
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Rupeng Hua
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China.
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oliveira FRK, Gustavo AFSE, Gonçalves RB, Bolfi F, Mendes AL, Nunes-Nogueira VDS. Association between a soy-based infant diet and the onset of puberty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251241. [PMID: 34003856 PMCID: PMC8130953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the association between a soy-based infant diet and the onset of puberty. We included studies in which children were fed a soy-based diet, and we compared them with those who were not. The primary outcomes were the onset of puberty in girls (thelarche, pubarche, and menarche age), boys (pubarche, voice change, testicular and penis enlargement age), and both (risk of delayed and precocious puberty [PP]). Search strategies were performed in PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and CENTRAL databases. Two reviewers selected eligible studies, assessed the risk of bias, and extracted data from the included studies. The odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI) as a measure of the association between soy consumption and outcomes. We used a random-effects model to pool results across studies and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation to evaluate the certainty of evidence. We included eight studies in which 598 children consumed a soy-based diet but 2957 did not. The primary outcomes that could be plotted in the meta-analysis were the risk of PP and age at menarche. There was no statistical difference between groups for PP (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.09 to 2.94, 3 studies, 206 participants, low certainty of evidence). No between-group difference was observed in menarche age (MD 0.14 years, 95% CI -0.16 to 0.45, 3 studies, 605 children, low certainty of evidence). One study presented this outcome in terms of median and interquartile range, and although the onset of menarche was marginally increased in girls who received a soy-based diet, the reported age was within the normal age range for menarche. We did not find any association between a soy-based infant diet and the onset of puberty in boys or girls. Trial Registration: PROSPERO registration: CRD42018088902.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Ramos Kazan Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flora Silva e Gustavo
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Braga Gonçalves
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bolfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lúcia Mendes
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
van Duursen MBM. Modulation of estrogen synthesis and metabolism by phytoestrogens in vitro and the implications for women's health. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:772-794. [PMID: 30090542 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are increasingly used as dietary supplements due to their suggested health promoting properties, but also by women for breast enhancement and relief of menopausal symptoms. Generally, phytoestrogens are considered to exert estrogenic activity via estrogen receptors (ERs), but they may also affect estrogen synthesis and metabolism locally in breast, endometrial and ovarian tissues. Considering that accurate regulation of local hormone levels is crucial for normal physiology, it is not surprising that interference with hormonal synthesis and metabolism is associated with a wide variety of women's health problems, varying from altered menstrual cycle to hormone-dependent cancers. Yet, studies on phytoestrogens have mainly focused on ER-mediated effects of soy-derived phytoestrogens, with less attention paid to steroid synthesis and metabolism or other phytoestrogens. This review aims to evaluate the potential of phytoestrogens to modulate local estrogen levels and the implications for women's health. For that, an overview is provided of the effects of commonly used phytoestrogens, i.e. 8-prenylnaringenin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, naringenin, resveratrol and quercetin, on estrogen synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes in vitro. The potential implications for women's health are assessed by comparing the in vitro effect concentrations with blood concentrations that can be found after intake of these phytoestrogens. Based on this evaluation, it can be concluded that high-dose supplements with phytoestrogens might affect breast and endometrial health or fertility in women via the modulation of steroid hormone levels. However, more data regarding the tissue levels of phytoestrogens and effect data from dedicated, tissue-specific assays are needed for a better understanding of potential risks. At least until more certainty regarding the safety has been established, especially young women would better avoid using supplements containing high doses of phytoestrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majorie B M van Duursen
- Research group Endocrine Toxicology , Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 104 , 3584 CM , Utrecht , the Netherlands . ; Tel: +31 (0)30 253 5398
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Cai B, Shao J, Wang TT, Cai RZ, Ma CJ, Han T, Du J. Genistein suppresses the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in hippocampal neurons in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1153-8. [PMID: 27630702 PMCID: PMC4994461 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.187056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein is effective against amyloid-β toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that genistein may protect neurons by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and thereby play a role in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. A rat model of Alzheimer’s disease was established by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose and intracerebral injection of amyloid-β peptide (25–35). In the genistein treatment groups, a 7-day pretreatment with genistein (10, 30, 90 mg/kg) was given prior to establishing Alzheimer’s disease model, for 49 consecutive days. Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay demonstrated a reduction in apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats treated with genistein. Western blot analysis showed that expression levels of capase-3, Bax and cytochrome c were decreased compared with the model group. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining revealed reductions in cytochrome c and Bax immunoreactivity in these rats. Morris water maze revealed a substantial shortening of escape latency by genistein in Alzheimer’s disease rats. These findings suggest that genistein decreases neuronal loss in the hippocampus, and improves learning and memory ability. The neuroprotective effects of genistein are associated with the inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as shown by its ability to reduce levels of caspase-3, Bax and cytochrome c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Shao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Run-Ze Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chang-Ju Ma
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tao Han
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Du
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schepetkin IA, Khlebnikov AI, Kirpotina LN, Quinn MT. Antagonism of human formyl peptide receptor 1 with natural compounds and their synthetic derivatives. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 37:43-58. [PMID: 26382576 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) regulates a wide variety of neutrophil functional responses and plays an important role in inflammation and the pathogenesis of various diseases. To date, a variety of natural and synthetic molecules have been identified as FPR1 ligands. Here, we review current knowledge on natural products and natural product-inspired small molecules reported to antagonize and/or inhibit the FPR1-mediated responses. Based on this literature, additional screening of selected commercially available natural compounds for their ability to inhibit fMLF-induced Ca(2+) mobilization in human neutrophils and FPR1 transfected HL-60 cells, and pharmacophore modeling, natural products with potential as FPR1 antagonists are considered and discussed in this review. The identification and characterization of natural products that antagonize FPR1 activity may have potential for the development of novel therapeutics to limit or alter the outcome of inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Department of Biotechnology and Organic Chemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; Department of Chemistry, Altai State Technical University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Isoflavone aglycons-sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: in solution and solid state studies. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-015-0535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
7
|
Schepetkin IA, Kirpotina LN, Khlebnikov AI, Cheng N, Ye RD, Quinn MT. Antagonism of human formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) by chromones and related isoflavones. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:627-41. [PMID: 25450672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on a variety of cell types. Because FPRs play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory reactions implicated in disease pathogenesis, FPR antagonists may represent novel therapeutics for modulating innate immunity. Previously, 4H-chromones were reported to be potent and competitive FPR1 antagonists. In the present studies, 96 additional chromone analogs, including related synthetic and natural isoflavones were evaluated for FPR1 antagonist activity. We identified a number of novel competitive FPR1 antagonists that inhibited fMLF-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in FPR1-HL60 cells and effectively competed with WKYMVm-FITC for binding to FPR1 in FPR1-HL60 and FPR1-RBL cells. Compound 10 (6-hexyl-2-methyl-3-(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-yl acetate) was found to be the most potent FPR1-specific antagonist, with binding affinity Ki∼100 nM. These chromones inhibited Ca2+ flux and chemotaxis in human neutrophils with nanomolar-micromolar IC50 values. In addition, the most potent novel FPR1 antagonists inhibited fMLF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) in FPR1-RBL cells. These antagonists were specific for FPR1 and did not inhibit WKYMVM/WKYMVm-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in FPR2-HL60 cells, FPR3-HL60 cells, RBL cells transfected with murine Fpr1, or interleukin 8-induced Ca2+ flux in human neutrophils and RBL cells transfected with CXC chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1). Moreover, pharmacophore modeling showed that the active chromones had a significantly higher degree of similarity with the pharmacophore template as compared to inactive analogs. Thus, the chromone/isoflavone scaffold represents a relevant backbone for development of novel FPR1 antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Altai State Technical University, Barnaul, Russia; Department of Biotechnology and Organic Chemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ni Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard D Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leclercq G, Jacquot Y. Interactions of isoflavones and other plant derived estrogens with estrogen receptors for prevention and treatment of breast cancer-considerations concerning related efficacy and safety. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:237-44. [PMID: 23274118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are natural endocrine disruptors that interfere with estrogenic pathways. They insert directly within the hormone-binding domain of ERα and β, with a preference for the β isoform of which the concentration predominates in the normal mammary epithelium. Since ERβ antagonizes the growth promoting effect of ERα, which is mainly expressed in estrogen-sensitive tumor cells, a potential protective action against breast cancer incidence has been ascribed to phytoestrogens. The fact that Asian women living in far-east countries who consume isoflavone-rich food are less subjected to breast cancer emergence than their congeners in the USA as well as Caucasian women has been advocated to justify such a concept. Overview of data concerning the mechanism of action phytoestrogens reveals that such a view is an oversimplification: Such compounds interfere with a huge panel of regulatory proteins, giving rise to both promoting and antagonizing carcinogenic effects. Moreover, various physiological and pathological factors able to amplify these effects are not often sufficiently taken into account, which increases the difficulty to interpret data. Nevertheless, this overview of data established that chemical structures and concentrations modulate such effects: at the micromolar level, isoflavones activate ERα-mediated transcription and breast cancer cell proliferation while flavones fail to induce any significant promoting effects. At higher doses, both classes of compounds may display an antitumor activity. Reasons for such distinct behaviors as well as their potential impact in therapeutic applications are analyzed here. Ability of isoflavones and flavones to antagonize the association of calmodulin to ERα, which is required for its enhanced transcriptional activity is evoked to justify the antitumor activity ascribed to some flavones. Finally, a suspicion that peculiar classes of phytoestrogens may adopt a SERM-like conformation is addressed in a context of selection and synthesis of compounds with non-equivocal therapeutic value. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Phytoestrogens".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Leclercq
- Laboratoire J.-C. Heuson de Cancérologie Mammaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut Jules Bordet, 1, rue Héger Bordet, Brussels, B-1000, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lutter S, Schmalbach K, Esch HL, Lehmann L. The isoflavone irilone contributes to the estrogenic potential of dietary supplements containing red clover. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:309-21. [PMID: 23982890 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A recent intervention study demonstrated the occurrence of irilone as second most abundant isoflavone next to daidzein in human plasma after consumption of a red clover-based dietary supplement (RCDS) containing predominately formononetin ≫ biochanin A > irilone (12 % of these isoflavones). To elucidate the relevance of this finding, in the present study (1) the representativeness of the isoflavone composition of the RCDS and (2) the estrogenic activity of irilone were investigated. Thus, major isoflavones were quantified in eight commercially available RCDS. Furthermore, the estrogenic activities of irilone and other isoflavones were determined by marker gene expression in Ishikawa and cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. Irilone amounted to 1.8-10.9 mg/g capsule content and 5-18 % of the three major isoflavones, respectively, demonstrating the general occurrence of irilone in RCDS. Moreover, irilone significantly induced the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) as well as AlP, progesterone receptor, and androgen receptor mRNA levels in Ishikawa cells. Furthermore, irilone significantly induced MCF-7 cell proliferation. Neither 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced AlP activity nor E2-induced MCF-7 cell proliferation was affected by irilone. ICI182,780 antagonized IRI-induced effects on both AlP activity and cell proliferation, suggesting an estrogen receptor agonistic mode of action. Taking into account the estrogenic activity of red clover isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin A, prunetin, glycitein) and their biotransformation products (daidzein, genistein, ethylphenol) as well as published plasma levels of isoflavones after consumption of RCDS, irilone could contribute approximately 50 % of the E2 equivalents estimated for daidzein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lutter
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Chair of Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bi-phasic effect of equol on adipocyte differentiation of MC3T3-L1 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:201-4. [PMID: 23291758 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of equol on adipogenesis by measuring lipid accumulation and analyzing the change in adipocyte-related gene expression in MC3T3-L1 cells. Treatment with 10 µM equol tended to increase adipocyte-related gene expression, whereas 100 µM equol reduced lipid accumulation and suppressed the expression of these genes and proteins. Our results suggest that equol regulated adipogenesis in a bi-phasic fashion.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Soybeans are rich in immuno-modulatory isoflavones such as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein. These isoflavones are well-known antioxidants, chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory agents. Several epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of traditional soy food containing isoflavones is associated with reduced prevalence of chronic health disorders. Isoflavones are considered to be phytoestrogens because of their ability to bind to estrogen receptors. The literature is extensive on the chemistry, bio-availability, and bio-activity of isoflavones. However, their effects on immune response are yet to be fully understood, but are beginning to be appreciated. We review the role of isoflavones in regulation of the immune response and their potential clinical applications in immune-dysfunction. Special emphasis will be made regarding in vivo studies including humans and animal model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Masilamani
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Anbg 17-40G, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Messina M, Messina V, Jenkins DJA. Can breast cancer patients use soyafoods to help reduce risk of CHD? Br J Nutr 2012; 108:810-9. [PMID: 22874526 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the popularity of soyafoods has increased in part because of research suggesting that these foods convey health benefits independent of their nutrient content. For example, in 1999, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a health-claim for soyafoods and CHD based on the hypocholesterolaemic effects of soya protein. However, soyafoods have become controversial in recent years because of concerns that their uniquely rich phyto-oestrogen (isoflavone) content may cause untoward effects in some individuals. Most notable in this regard is the concern that soyafoods are contraindicated for breast cancer patients and women at high risk of developing this disease. Furthermore, the hypocholesterolaemic effects of soya protein have been challenged. However, the results of recently published meta-analyses indicate that soya protein directly lowers circulating LDL-cholesterol levels by approximately 4 %. There is also intriguing evidence that soyafoods reduce CHD risk independent of their effects on lipid levels. In regard to the breast cancer controversy, recently published clinical and epidemiological data do not support observations in rodents that soyabean isoflavones increase breast cancer risk. In postmenopausal women, isoflavone exposure does not adversely affect breast tissue density or breast cell proliferation. Furthermore, both US and Chinese prospective epidemiological studies show that post-diagnosis soya consumption is associated with an improved prognosis. Therefore, soyafoods should be considered by women as healthy foods to include in diets aimed at reducing the risk of CHD regardless of their breast cancer status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Simons R, Gruppen H, Bovee TFH, Verbruggen MA, Vincken JP. Prenylated isoflavonoids from plants as selective estrogen receptor modulators (phytoSERMs). Food Funct 2012; 3:810-27. [PMID: 22684228 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites, which comprise amongst others the subclasses of isoflavones, isoflavans, pterocarpans and coumestans. Isoflavonoids are abundant in Leguminosae, and many of them can bind to the human estrogen receptor (hER) with affinities similar to or lower than that of estradiol. Dietary intake of these so-called phytoestrogens has been associated with positive effects on menopausal complaints, hormone-related cancers, and osteoporosis. Therefore, phytoestrogens are used as nutraceuticals in functional foods or food supplements. Most of the isoflavonoids show agonistic activity towards both hERα and hERβ, the extent of which is modulated by the substitution pattern of their skeleton (i.e.-OH, -OCH(3)). Interestingly, substitutions consisting of a five-carbon prenyl group often seem to result in an antiestrogenic activity. There is growing evidence that the action of some of these prenylated isoflavonoids is tissue-specific, suggesting that they act like selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as the well-known chemically synthesized raloxifene and tamoxifen. These so-called phytoSERMS might have high potential for realizing new food and pharma applications. In this review, the structural features of isoflavonoids (i.e. the kind of skeleton and prenylation (e.g. chain or pyran), position of the prenyl group on the skeleton, and the extent of prenylation (single, double)) are discussed in relation to their estrogenic activity. Anti-estrogenic and SERM activity of isoflavonoids was always associated with prenylation, but these activities did not seem to be confined to one particular kind/position of prenylation or isoflavonoid subclass. Few estrogens with agonistic activity were prenylated, but these were not tested for antagonistic activity; possibly, these molecules will turn out to be phytoSERMs as well. Furthermore, the data on the dietary occurrence, bioavailability and metabolism of prenylated isoflavonoids are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Simons
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cho HJ, Jun HJ, Lee JH, Jia Y, Hoang MH, Shim JH, Park KH, Lee SJ. Acute Effect of High-dose Isoflavones from Pueraria lobata
(Willd.) Ohwi on Lipid and Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Mice. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1864-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Joon Cho
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul 136-713 Korea
| | - Hee-jin Jun
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul 136-713 Korea
| | - Ji Hae Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul 136-713 Korea
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul 136-713 Korea
| | - Minh Hien Hoang
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul 136-713 Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Hallym University, College of Natural Sciences; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-702 Korea
| | - Kwan-Hwa Park
- Department of Foodservice Management and Nutrition; Sangmyuung University; Seoul 110-743 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul 136-713 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Isoflavones from red clover and soy plant extracts are used in highly concentrated food supplements as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy. Due to their estrogenic activity, isoflavones are a focus of safety concerns about their potential to promote the growth of hormone-dependent cancer cells. In this study, isoflavones and plant extracts were tested for their effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest. Isoflavones and plant extracts were applied in proliferation assays on 11 human cancer cell lines (representing cancers of the colon, prostate, breast, cervix, liver, pancreas, stomach and ovaries) and a fibroblast line to detect cytotoxic activity. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to detect the induction of apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. Isoflavones and plant extracts significantly reduced the proliferation activity of the treated cancer cell lines. Growth promotion was not observed, but apoptosis or necrosis induction was, as was cell cycle arrest, with genistein as the most potent isoflavone. Isoflavones and plant extracts from soy and red clover, respectively, do not promote the growth of human cancer cells but induce decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These results indicate that isoflavones can be considered safe compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Reiter
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao C, Wang Y, Su Y, Zhang H, Ding L, Yan X, Zhao D, Shao N, Ye X, Cheng Y. Inclusion complexes of isoflavones with two commercially available dendrimers: Solubility, stability, structures, release behaviors, cytotoxicity, and anti-oxidant activities. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:301-9. [PMID: 22001794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We prepared and characterized the inclusion complexes of daidzein with poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) and poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers. Aqueous solubility of daidzein was significantly enhanced by both PAMAM and PPI (186- and 650-fold at 0.36mM, respectively). Daidzein in G3 PAMAM solution is more stable than that in G4 PPI. NMR studies reveal the encapsulation of daidzein within the interior cavities of PPI through hydrophobic interactions. Daidzein exhibits a slower release behavior from PPI than that from PAMAM. PPI/daidzein complex is much more toxic than PAMAM/daidzein complex on several cell lines. PAMAM/daidzein complexes showed similar protective effect on oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity as compared to free daidzein. These results suggest that the inclusion of daidzein with dendrimer can effectively improve the solubility, prolong the delivery, and maintain the anti-oxidant activity of daidzein. This research provides new insights into dendrimer-based drug delivery systems and will be helpful for the design of novel dendrimer/drug formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
This P, de Cremoux P, Leclercq G, Jacquot Y. A critical view of the effects of phytoestrogens on hot flashes and breast cancer risk. Maturitas 2011; 70:222-6. [PMID: 21813250 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The increased risk of breast cancer recently observed with some specific estro-progestin associations has raised concerns about the harmful effects of menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It has been proposed that phytoestrogens (PEs), which have a similar chemical structure to estrogens, could be used as HRT. The main selling points of these preparations concern the management of hot flashes and their potential beneficial effects on breast tissue. In this review, we will address the effects of PE on hot flashes and breast cancer risk as well as the questions raised on a chemical point of view. We conclude that the efficacy of a PE rich diet or nutritional supplements is not clearly established. The use of PE as an alternative for HRT cannot be advocated for now, due to insufficient and conflicting data on efficacy and safety. Moreover, due to the hormone dependence of breast cancer, PE use must be contraindicated in breast cancer survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale This
- Pole de Sénologie, Service d'Oncogénétique, Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
McDowell ML, Das A, Smith JA, Varma AK, Ray SK, Banik NL. Neuroprotective effects of genistein in VSC4.1 motoneurons exposed to activated microglial cytokines. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:175-84. [PMID: 21672594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines released from activated microglia may be responsible for neuronal damage and resulting motor deficits associated with CNS disorders such as spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Estrogen (17β-estradiol) is capable of ameliorating motoneuron death following spinal cord injury, but has a number of deleterious side effects. Genistein (GEN), an estrogen receptor beta agonist and potent antioxidant, may represent an alternative to estrogen in treating neurodegenerative disorders. However, little is known about the neuroprotective effects of GEN. We therefore tested whether GEN would prevent apoptosis in cultured motoneurons following exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines released from IFN-γ activated microglia. Exposure of ventral spinal cord 4.1 motoneurons to microglial cytokine supernatant in vitro caused significant apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. An increase in reactive oxygen species, intracellular Ca(2+), calpain, caspases, cytochrome c, and the bax:bcl-2 ratio were also noted. GEN treatment reversed apoptotic death and cellular changes following cytokine exposure and was associated with increased expression of estrogen receptor β suggesting that GEN may promote neuroprotection via receptor-mediated pathways. The addition of ICI 182, 780, an estrogen receptor antagonist following GEN treatment attenuated neuroprotection, suggesting that GEN may act mainly via estrogen receptor β to protect VSC4.1 motoneurons. We conclude that GEN protects cultured ventral spinal cord 4.1 cells from inflammatory insult and thus may represent a potential beneficial therapy in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misty L McDowell
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., 309 Clinical Sciences Building, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leclercq G, de Cremoux P, This P, Jacquot Y. Lack of sufficient information on the specificity and selectivity of commercial phytoestrogens preparations for therapeutic purposes. Maturitas 2011; 68:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
20
|
Tucker KL, Qiao N, Maras JE. Simulation with soy replacement showed that increased soy intake could contribute to improved nutrient intake profiles in the U.S. population. J Nutr 2010; 140:2296S-2301S. [PMID: 20980640 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.123901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Messina M, Messina V. The role of soy in vegetarian diets. Nutrients 2010; 2:855-88. [PMID: 22254060 PMCID: PMC3257705 DOI: 10.3390/nu2080855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soyfoods have long been prized among vegetarians for both their high protein content and versatility. Soybeans differ markedly in macronutrient content from other legumes, being much higher in fat and protein, and lower in carbohydrate. In recent years however, soyfoods and specific soybean constituents, especially isoflavones, have been the subject of an impressive amount of research. Nearly 2,000 soy-related papers are published annually. This research has focused primarily on the benefits that soyfoods may provide independent of their nutrient content. There is particular interest in the role that soyfoods have in reducing risk of heart disease, osteoporosis and certain forms of cancer. However, the estrogen-like effects of isoflavones observed in animal studies have also raised concerns about potential harmful effects of soyfood consumption. This review addresses questions related to soy and chronic disease risk, provides recommendations for optimal intakes, and discusses potential contraindications. As reviewed, the evidence indicates that, with the exception of those individuals allergic to soy protein, soyfoods can play a beneficial role in the diets of vegetarians. Concerns about adverse effects are not supported by the clinical or epidemiologic literature. Based on the soy intake associated with health benefits in the epidemiologic studies and the benefits noted in clinical trials, optimal adult soy intake would appear to be between two and four servings per day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Nutrition Matters, Inc., Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;
| | - Virginia Messina
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Nutrition Matters, Inc., Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Messina M. A brief historical overview of the past two decades of soy and isoflavone research. J Nutr 2010; 140:1350S-4S. [PMID: 20484551 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.118315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 20 years, a remarkable amount of research into the health effects of soy consumption has been conducted, which in large part can be attributed to the presence of isoflavones in the soybean. Isoflavones first came to the attention of the scientific community in the 1940s because of fertility problems observed in sheep grazing on a type of isoflavone-rich clover. In the 1950s, as a result of their estrogenic effects in rodents, isoflavones were studied as possible growth promoters for use by the animal feed industry, although shortly thereafter, it was shown that isoflavones could also function as antiestrogens. Despite this early work, it was not until the 1990s, largely because of research sponsored by the U.S. National Cancer Institute, that the role of soyfoods in disease prevention began to receive widespread attention. Subsequently, isoflavones and soyfoods were being studied for their ability to alleviate hot flashes and inhibit bone loss in postmenopausal women. In 1995, soy protein attracted worldwide attention for its ability to lower cholesterol. At this same time, isoflavones began to be widely discussed as potential alternatives to conventional hormone therapy. In 2002, it was hypothesized that individuals possessing the intestinal bacteria capable of converting the soybean isoflavone daidzein into the isoflavan equol were more likely to benefit from soy intake. More recently, in vitro and animal research has raised questions about the safety of isoflavone exposure for certain subsets of the population, although the human data are largely inconsistent with these concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| |
Collapse
|