1
|
Zabłocka A, Jakubczyk D, Leszczyńska K, Pacyga-Prus K, Macała J, Górska S. Studies of the Impact of the Bifidobacterium Species on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Nitric Oxide Production in Murine Macrophages of the BMDM Cell Line. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:1012-1025. [PMID: 37227688 PMCID: PMC11126500 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium species are one of the most important probiotic microorganisms which are present in both, infants and adults. Nowadays, growing data describing their healthy properties arise, indicating they could act at the cellular and molecular level. However, still little is known about the specific mechanisms promoting their beneficial effects. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is involved in the protective mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract, where it can be provided by epithelial cells, macrophages, or bacteria. The present study explored whether induction of iNOS-dependent NO synthesis in macrophages stems from the cellular action of Bifidobacterium species. The ability of ten Bifidobacterium strains belonging to 3 different species (Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium animalis) to activate MAP kinases, NF-κB factor, and iNOS expression in a murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages cell line was determined by Western blotting. Changes in NO production were determined by the Griess reaction. It was performed that the Bifidobacterium strains were able to induce NF-қB-dependent iNOS expression and NO production; however, the efficacy depends on the strain. The highest stimulatory activity was observed for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animals CCDM 366, whereas the lowest was noted for strains Bifidobacterium adolescentis CCDM 371 and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum CCDM 372. Both TLR2 and TLR4 receptors are involved in Bifidobacterium-induced macrophage activation and NO production. We showed that the impact of Bifidobacterium on the regulation of iNOS expression is determined by MAPK kinase activity. Using pharmaceutical inhibitors of ERK 1/2 and JNK, we confirmed that Bifidobacterium strains can activate these kinases to control iNOS mRNA expression. Concluding, the induction of iNOS and NO production may be involved in the protective mechanism of action observed for Bifidobacterium in the intestine, and the efficacy is strain-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zabłocka
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Jakubczyk
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Leszczyńska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pacyga-Prus
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Józefa Macała
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang K, Liu S, Liang S, Xiang F, Wang X, Lian H, Li B, Liu F. Exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria: Structure, biological activity, structure-activity relationship, and application in the food industry: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128733. [PMID: 38092118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, researchers have discovered that probiotics play an important role in our daily lives. With the further deepening of research, more and more evidence show that bacterial metabolites have an important role in food and human health, which opens up a new direction for the research of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Many LAB have been widely studied because of the ability of exopolysaccharides (EPS). Lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharides (LAB EPS) not only have great potential in the treatment of human diseases but also can become natural ingredients in the food industry to provide special qualitative structure and flavor. This paper has organized and summarized the biosynthesis, strain selection, production process parameters, structure, and biological activity of LAB EPS, filling in the monotony and incompleteness of previous articles' descriptions of LAB EPS. Therefore, this paper focuses on the general biosynthetic pathway, structural characterization, structure-activity relationship, biological activity of LAB EPS, and their application in the food industry, which will help to deepen people's understanding of LAB EPS and develop new active drugs from LAB EPS. Although the research results are relatively affluent, the low yield, complex structure, and few clinical trials of EPS are still the reasons that hinder its development. Therefore, future knowledge expansion should focus on the regulation of structure, physicochemical properties, function, higher production of EPS, and clinical trial applications, which can further increase the commercial significance and value of EPS. Furthermore, better understanding the structure-function relationship of EPS in food remains a challenge to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangyong Zhang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Sibo Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shengnan Liang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fangqin Xiang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huiqiang Lian
- Guangdong Jinhaikang Medical Nutrition Co., Ltd, Meizhou, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang K, Sun J, Zhao J, Gao Y, Yao D, Sun D, Tai M, Pan Y, Wang Y, Lu B, Zuo F. Immunomodulatory activity and protective effect of a capsular polysaccharide in Caenorhabditis elegans, isolated from Lactobacillus fermentum GBJ. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127443. [PMID: 37844812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
A capsular polysaccharide, namely CPS-2, was isolated from Lactobacillus fermentum GBJ, purified using DEAE-52 anion exchange chromatography, and structurally characterized. We found that CPS-2 is homogenous, has an average molecular weight of 377 KDa, and is mainly composed of galactose and glucose at a molar ratio of 1.54:1.00. Its backbone comprises α-D-Galp-(1 → 3), α-D-Galp-(1 → 3,6), β-D-Glcp-(1 → 2), β-D-Galp-(1 → 6), and α-D-Galp-(1 → 4) residues with a side chain of β-D-Glcp-(1→). CPS-2 exerts an immunomodulatory effect by improving the proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophage RAW264.7 and promoting the secretion of NO and cytokines. The maximum secretion levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were 1.96-, 0.11-, 0.22-, and 0.46-fold higher than those of the control, respectively. Furthermore, CPS-2 could significantly enhance the antioxidant system, extend lifespan, and improve stress tolerance of Caenorhabditis elegans at both exposure doses of 31.25 and 62.5 μg/mL. The average lifespan of nematodes reached a maximum in the 62.5 μg/mL-treated group after 10.39 days, 6.56 h, and 23.56 h in normal, oxidative stress, and heat shock environment, with extension percentages of 16.61 %, 43.23 %, and 15.77 %, respectively; therefore, CPS-2 displays an anti-aging effect. The significant bioactivity of CPS-2 promotes its application as a promising immunomodulatory and anti-aging ingredient in the food or pharmaceutical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- College of Food science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China; National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jingchen Sun
- College of Food science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Food science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yongjiao Gao
- College of Food science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Di Yao
- College of Food science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Daqing Sun
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Mengdie Tai
- College of Food science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yuxi Pan
- College of Food science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Baoxin Lu
- College of Food science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China; National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Feng Zuo
- College of Food science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qian L, Du M, Yang X, Wang Q, Huang S, Ma Y, Sun Y. Microanalysis Characterization and Immunomodulatory Effect for Selenium-Enriched Polysaccharide from Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072885. [PMID: 37049647 PMCID: PMC10096435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers., referred to as Morel, is a medicinal and edible homologous fungus, which contains many bioactive substances. In Morel, polysaccharides are the most abundant and have various bioactivities. In the present work, two novel polysaccharides, Se-MPS and MPS, were prepared and purified from selenium-enriched (Se-enriched) and common Morel mycelia, respectively, and their structural and immunomodulatory properties were evaluated. The results show that Se-enriched treatment significantly changed the polysaccharides' chemical composition, molecular weight, and sugar chain configuration. In addition, the Se-enriched treatment also improved the polysaccharides' fragmentation and thermal stability. Importantly, Se-enriched Morel polysaccharide (Se-MPS) could significantly enhance phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and, remarkably, activate their immune response via activating the TLR4-TRAF6-MAPKs-NF-κB cascade signaling pathway, finally exerting an immunomodulatory function. Based on these findings, selenium-enriched Morel polysaccharide appears to have more potential for development and utilization in functional foods or medicines than ordinary Morel polysaccharide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Qian
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Mengxiang Du
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Shengwei Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Yuhan Ma
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Yujun Sun
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang J, Kuang H, Li N, Hamdy AM, Song J. The modulation and mechanism of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules on the immune response in allergic diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8768-8780. [PMID: 35400262 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2062294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases, derived from the dysregulation of immune tolerance mechanisms, have been rising in the last two decades. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules exhibit a protective effect against allergic diseases, involving regulation of Th1/Th2 balance, induction of differentiation of T regulatory cells and activation of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs have a central role in controlling the immune response through their interaction with gut microbiota via their pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors and C-type-lectin receptors. This review discusses the effects and critical mechanism of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules in regulating the immune system to alleviate allergic diseases. We first describe the development of immune response in allergic diseases and recent relevant findings. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules on allergic immune response. Then, we discuss the underlying mechanism of the impact of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules on DCs-mediated immune tolerance induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing & Storage of Distinct Agricultural Products, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Kuang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing & Storage of Distinct Agricultural Products, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing & Storage of Distinct Agricultural Products, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Hamdy
- Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jiajia Song
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khatua S, Simal-Gandara J, Acharya K. Understanding immune-modulatory efficacy in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 352:109776. [PMID: 34906553 PMCID: PMC8665649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Boosting or suppressing our immune system represents an attractive adjunct in the treatment of infections including SARS-CoV-2, cancer, AIDS, malnutrition, age related problems and some inflammatory disorders. Thus, there has been a growing interest in exploring and developing novel drugs, natural or synthetic, that can manipulate our defence mechanism. Many of such studies, reported till date, have been designed to explore effect of the therapeutic on function of macrophages, being a key component in innate immune system. Indeed, RAW264.7, J774A.1, THP-1 and U937 cell lines act as ideal model systems for preliminary investigation and selection of dose for in vivo studies. Several bioassays have been standardized so far where many techniques require high throughput instruments, cost effective reagents and technical assistance that may hinder many scholars to perform a method demanding compilation of available protocols. In this review, we have taken an attempt for the first time to congregate commonly used in vitro immune-modulating techniques explaining their principles. The study detected that among about 40 different assays and more than 150 sets of primers, the methods of cell proliferation by MTT, phagocytosis by neutral red, NO detection by Griess reaction and estimation of expression of TLRs, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β by PCR have been the most widely used to screen the therapeutics under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somanjana Khatua
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India,Department of Botany, Krishnagar Government College, Krishnagar, Nadia, 741101, West Bengal, India
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004, Ourense, Spain,Corresponding author
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li J, Wu H, Liu Y, Nan J, Park HJ, Chen Y, Yang L. The chemical structure and immunomodulatory activity of an exopolysaccharide produced by Morchella esculenta under submerged fermentation. Food Funct 2021; 12:9327-9338. [PMID: 34606556 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01683k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular polysaccharide of Morchella esculenta cultivated under submerged fermentation was extracted. A single polysaccharide was purified through DEAE-Cellulose 52 and Sephadex G 100, and named as MEP 2a. The molecular weight of MEP 2a was determined by HPGPC and it is about 1391.5 kDa. MEP 2a is composed of mannose and glucose as the monosaccharide unit with a molar ratio of 8.15 : 1.07. The main polysaccharide chemical structure was analyzed by 1D and 2D NMR. Methylation and NMR analysis revealed that the backbone of MEP 2a consists of 1,3,4-linked-Manp, 1,2-linked-Manp and 1,6-linked-Glcp. 1D and 2D NMR results indicated that the main chain is based on →1)-β-D-Glcp-(6→, →1)-α-D-Manp-(3,4→, →1)-α-D-Manp-(2→) and the branch chain is composed of α-D-Manp-(1→, →1)-β-D-Glcp-(6→ and α-D-Glcp-(1→). MEP 2a promoted the phagocytosis function and secretion of NO, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α of macrophages. In the present study, the chemical structure and immunomodulatory ability of an extracellular polysaccharide of Morchella esculenta was investigated which guarantees further research studies and promising applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.
| | - Haishan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.
| | - Yuting Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Nan
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Children's Hospital, 410007 Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sabater C, Molinero-García N, Castro-Bravo N, Diez-Echave P, Hidalgo-García L, Delgado S, Sánchez B, Gálvez J, Margolles A, Ruas-Madiedo P. Exopolysaccharide Producing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Strains Modify the Intestinal Microbiota and the Plasmatic Cytokine Levels of BALB/c Mice According to the Type of Polymer Synthesized. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:601233. [PMID: 33324384 PMCID: PMC7726137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.601233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria-host interactions are mediated by different microbial associated molecular patterns which are most often surface structures such as, among others, exopolysaccharides (EPSs). In this work, the capability of two isogenic EPS-producing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains to modulate the gut microbiota of healthy mice, was assessed. Each strain produces a different type of polymer; the ropy strain S89L synthesized a rhamnose-rich, high-molecular weight EPS in highest abundance than the non-ropy DMS10140 one. BALB/c mice were orally fed for 10 days with milk-bifidobacterial suspensions and followed afterward for 7 post-intervention days (wash-out period). The colonic content of mice was collected in several sampling points to perform a metataxonomic analysis. In addition, the influence of specific microbial clades, apparently stimulated by the ropy and non-ropy strains, on mouse plasmatic cytokine levels was investigated through hierarchical association testing. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the abundance of Firmicutes phylum significantly increased 7 days after cessing the treatment with both strains. The relative abundance of Alloprevotella genus also rose, but after shorter post-treatment times (3 days for both DMS10140 and S89L strains). Some bacterial clades were specifically modulated by one or another strain. As such, the non-ropy DMS10140 strain exerted a significant influence on Intestinomonas genus, which increased after 4 post-administration days. On the other hand, feeding with the ropy strain S89L led to an increase in sequences of Faecalibaculum genus at 4 post-treatment days, while the abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae and Lactobacillaceae families increased for prolonged times. Association testing revealed that several lactobacilli and bifidobacterial significantly stimulated by ropy S89L strain were positively associated with the levels of certain cytokines, including IL-5 and IL-27. These results highlight relevant changes in mice gut microbiota produced after administration of the ropy S89L strain that were associated to a potential immune modulation effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sabater
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Microhealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Natalia Molinero-García
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Microhealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nuria Castro-Bravo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Microhealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patricia Diez-Echave
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Hidalgo-García
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Microhealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Microhealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julio Gálvez
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Microhealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Microhealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Production, Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of an Extracellular Polysaccharide from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa YL-1 Isolated from Sea Salt Field. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120595. [PMID: 33256151 PMCID: PMC7760879 DOI: 10.3390/md18120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel exopolysaccharide from marine-derived red yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain YL-1 was produced and characterized. The highest yield of polysaccharide reached 15.1 g/L after medium and culture parameter optimization. This exopolysaccharide, composed of four neural monosaccharides including glucose, mannose, galactose and fucose, had an average molecular weight of 1200 KDa. It had good immunomodulatory activity on RAW256.7 cell lines. ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and Q-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) results showed that the cell was stimulated to express more IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β and TNFα cytokines than the control group. This is the first report of an exopolysaccharide with immunomodulatory activity from marine-derived Rhodotorula mucilaginosa.
Collapse
|
10
|
Li R, Zhu C, Bian X, Jia X, Tang N, Cheng Y. An antioxidative galactomannan extracted from Chinese Sesbania cannabina enhances immune activation of macrophage cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:10635-10644. [PMID: 33211044 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the antioxidant activities and immunostimulatory ability of a polysaccharide extracted from Chinese Sesbania cannabina, which was identified to be a galactomannan in our previous study, were investigated. The extracted polysaccharide exhibited strong DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and ferrous ion chelating activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The immune-enhancing effect of our polysaccharide on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was investigated by determining the cell viability, phagocytic activity, NO and intracellular ROS production and mRNA expression of cytokines. The results indicated that the polysaccharide could increase the production of NO and intracellular ROS, as well as effectively trigger transcriptional activation of TLR-2/4, NF-κB, IL-10/1β/6, IFN-γ, Ik-Bα, iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-α. These findings provide useful information for potential application of the polysaccharide extracted from Chinese Sesbania cannabina in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shang J, Wan F, Zhao L, Meng X, Li B. Potential Immunomodulatory Activity of a Selected Strain Bifidobacterium bifidum H3-R2 as Evidenced in vitro and in Immunosuppressed Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2089. [PMID: 32983062 PMCID: PMC7491056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota is directly involved in the development and modulation of the intestinal immune system. In particular, members of the genus Bifidobacterium play a primary role in immune regulation. In the present study, Bifidobacterium bifidum H3-R2 was screened from 15 bifidobacterium strains by in vitro experiment, showing a positive tolerance to digestive tract conditions, adhesion ability to intestinal epithelial cells and a regulatory effect on immune cell activity. Immunostimulatory activity of B. bifidum H3-R2 was also elucidated in vivo in cytoxan (CTX)-treated mice. The results showed that the administration of B. bifidum H3-R2 ameliorated the CTX-induced bodyweight loss and imbalanced expression of inflammatory cytokines, enhanced the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and promoted splenic lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell activity and phagocytosis of macrophages in immunosuppressed mice. In addition, B. bifidum H3-R2 restored injured intestinal mucosal, and increased the villus length and crypt depth in CTX-treated mice. The results could be helpful for understanding the functions of B. bifidum H3-R2, supporting its potential as a novel probiotic for immunoregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangchen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang J, Fang X, Wu T, Fang L, Liu C, Min W. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of acidic exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus planetarium JLAU103 on RAW264.7 macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:1308-1315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
13
|
Xu Y, Cui Y, Yue F, Liu L, Shan Y, Liu B, Zhou Y, Lü X. Exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria: Structures, physiochemical functions and applications in the food industry. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
Xu Y, Cui Y, Wang X, Yue F, Shan Y, Liu B, Zhou Y, Yi Y, Lü X. Purification, characterization and bioactivity of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KX041. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:480-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
15
|
Castro-Bravo N, Margolles A, Wells JM, Ruas-Madiedo P. Exopolysaccharides synthesized by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis interact with TLR4 in intestinal epithelial cells. Anaerobe 2019; 56:98-101. [PMID: 30794874 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The toll-like receptors involved in recognition of the exopolysaccharide produced by two isogenic, ropy and non-ropy, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains were investigated. Both strains interact with human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells via TLR2, whereas purified EPSs specifically stimulate TLR4 regardless their molar mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Castro-Bravo
- Microhealth Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Science Department, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Microhealth Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Science Department, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Microhealth Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Khatua S, Acharya K. Alkali treated antioxidative crude polysaccharide from Russula alatoreticula potentiates murine macrophages by tunning TLR/NF-κB pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1713. [PMID: 30737411 PMCID: PMC6368593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous research, Russula alatoreticula was demonstrated as a novel species, ethnic myco-food and reservoir of hot water extractable polysaccharides. However, residue after the hydrothermal process still offer plenty of medicinal carbohydrates that could easily be extracted by using alkali solvent. Thus, the present work was attempted to prepare crude polysaccharide using remainder of the conventional method and subsequently a β-glucan enriched fraction, RualaCap, was isolated. The bio-polymers displayed pronounced therapeutic efficacy as evident by radical scavenging, chelating ability, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. In addition, strong immune-enhancing potential was also observed indicated by augmentation in macrophage viability, phagocytic uptake, nitric oxide (NO) production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis. Alongside, the polysaccharides effectively triggered transcriptional activation of Toll like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Iκ-Bα, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 genes explaining mode of action. Taken together, our results signify possibility of RualaCap as a potent nutraceutical agent and enhance importance of R. alatoreticula especially in the field of innate immune stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somanjana Khatua
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiu L, Zhang H, Hu Z, Liang Y, Guo S, Yang M, Du R, Wang X. Immunostimulatory activity of exopolysaccharides from probiotic Lactobacillus casei WXD030 strain as a novel adjuvant in vitro and in vivo. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2018.1513994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haochi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongpeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ruiping Du
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Academy of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breding of Grassland Livestock, School of life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Khatua S, Acharya K. Water Soluble Antioxidative Crude Polysaccharide From Russula senecis Elicits TLR Modulated NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Pro-inflammatory Response in Murine Macrophages. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:985. [PMID: 30210347 PMCID: PMC6122129 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Russula senecis has recently been reported as a new addition to macrofungal flora of West Bengal. Besides, it also emerged as a seasonal health promoting nutrient to local ethnic people and enlisted for the first time as tribal food in our previous publication. In this context, the present work was designed to establish such usefulness scientifically and to meet the aim, crude polysaccharide, Rusenan, was prepared using conventional heated water reflux. Initially, the polymers were characterized to determine chemical composition and for that spectrophotometry along with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were performed. Analysis indicated that Rusenan was consisted mainly of carbohydrate conjugated with trace amount of protein. Furthermore, glucose was detected as the major monosaccharide (mainly in β-type glycosidic linkage) while other monomers were presented in the order of galactose > mannose > xylose > rhamnose. Conversely, antioxidant potential was determined following eight in vitro systems where the fraction evidenced strong superoxide, hydroxyl, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, high affinity to Fe2+ as well as instant ability to donate electron with EC50 values ranging from 80 to 3885 μg/ml concentration. In addition, effect on murine macrophages was also investigated where the polysaccharide treatment increased cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, filopodia or lamellipodia formation, nitric oxide (NO) production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis. Thereafter, through reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, significant increase in the expression of Toll like receptor (TLR)-4, TLR-2 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was observed; as a result alleviated level of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IκB-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ were also noticed explaining definite immune-stimulatory activity of the fraction. Thus, overall finding suggests that R. senecis can be considered as a functional food and may be used in preparation of dietary supplement to enhance general health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somanjana Khatua
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Deng X, Liu Q, Fu Y, Luo X, Hu M, Ma F, Wang Q, Lai X, Zhou L. Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides with different molecular weights on function of RAW264.7 macrophages. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2018.1457628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangliang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Infinitus Chinese Herbal Immunity Research Centre, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajun Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghua Hu
- Infinitus Chinese Herbal Immunity Research Centre, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangli Ma
- Infinitus Chinese Herbal Immunity Research Centre, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Lai
- Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chan-Zapata I, Canul-Canche J, Fernández-Martín K, Martín-Quintal Z, Torres-Romero JC, Lara-Riegos JC, Ramírez-Camacho MA, Arana-Argáez VE. Immunomodulatory effects of the methanolic extract from Pouteria campechiana leaves in macrophage functions. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1386163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chan-Zapata
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Jaqueline Canul-Canche
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Karla Fernández-Martín
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Zhelmy Martín-Quintal
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Julio Cesar Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Julio Cesar Lara-Riegos
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang JQ, Pang MR, Li GY, Wang N, Jin L, Zhang Y. Alleviation of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice by naturally acetylated hemicellulose from bamboo shavings. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1272553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-qing Huang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-rong Pang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-yu Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|