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Mackay RP, Weinberger PM, Copland JA, Mahdavian E, Xu Q. YM155 Induces DNA Damage and Cell Death in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells by Inhibiting DNA Topoisomerase IIα at the ATP-Binding Site. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:925-935. [PMID: 35405742 PMCID: PMC9167740 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is among the most aggressive of human cancers, and currently there are few effective treatments for most patients. YM155, first identified as a survivin inhibitor, was highlighted in a high-throughput screen performed by the National Cancer Institute, killing ATC cells in vitro and in vivo. However, there was no association between survivin expression and response to YM155 in clinical trials, and YM155 has been mostly abandoned for development despite favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. Currently, alternative mechanisms are being explored for YM155 by a number of groups. In this study, ATC patient samples show overexpression of topoisomerase Top2α compared with benign thyroid samples and to differentiated thyroid cancers. ATC cell lines that overexpress Top2α are more sensitive to YM155. We created a YM155-resistant cell line, which shows decreased expression of Top2α and is resensitized with Top2α overexpression. Molecular modeling predicts binding for YM155 in the Top2α ATP-binding site and identifies key amino acids for YM155-Top2α interaction. A Top2α mutant abrogates the effect of YM155, confirming the contribution of Top2α to YM155 mechanism of action. Our results suggest a novel mechanism of action for YM155 and may represent a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Mackay
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Paul M. Weinberger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - John A. Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Elahe Mahdavian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Qinqin Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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2
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Classifier Spot Count Optimization of Automated Fluorescent Slide Scanning System. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acm-2022-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Ionizing radiation induced foci (IRIF) known also as DNA repair foci represent the most sensitive endpoint for assessing DNA double strand breaks (DSB). IRIF are usually visualized and enumerated with the aid of fluorescence microscopy using antibodies to γH2AX and 53BP1. Although several approaches and software packages were developed for the quantification of IRIF, not one of them was commonly accepted and inter-laboratory variability in the outputs was reported. In this study, the sensitization of Metafer software to counting also small appearing IRIF was validated.
Materials and Methods: Human lymphocytes were γ-irradiated at a dose of 2 Gy. The cells were fixed at 0.5, 1, 2, and 18 hours post-irradiation, permeabilized and IRIF were immunostained using appropriate antibodies. Cell images were acquired with the automatic Metafer system. Radiation-induced γH2AX and 53BP1 foci were enumerated using either manual counting (JCountPro program) or the Metafer software (after its classifier optimization has been done) and compared. The statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA.
Results: The enumeration of 53BP1, γH2AX foci manually by JCountPro did not statistically significantly differ from the automatic one performed with the optimized Metafer classifier. A detailed step-by-step protocol of this successful optimization is described in this study.
Conclusions: We concluded that the Metafer software after the optimization was efficient in objectively enumerating IRIF, having a potential for usage in clinics and molecular epidemiology.
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3
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Nikitaki Z, Choulilitsa E, Kalospyros SA, Kaisaridi S, Terzoudi GI, Kokkoris M, Georgakilas AG. Construction and evaluation of an α-particle-irradiation exposure apparatus. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1404-1416. [PMID: 34330206 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1962568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of an exposure apparatus for in situ α-irradiation studies of cells. The construction of the apparatus is simple and the apparatus is maintenance free, easy to use and of low cost. This small device can be placed in an incubator, where the exposure environment is controlled. Moreover the vapor saturated incubator protects the cells from drying out, allowing long irradiation intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The system includes a 234U alpha (α)-source of total activity 0.77 ± 0.03 MBq in the form of a thin disk deposited on an aluminum substrate. The α-particles emitted in the air have a mean energy of 4.9 MeV at the disk surface. Source homogeneity has been studied via Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry. Using SRIM 2013 and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations via the MCNP6.1 code, LET and energy deposition values have been calculated for various filling gasses. Furthermore, based on these simulations, the assembly's dimensions and equivalent irradiation rate have been determined. With respect to the aforementioned dimensions, the experimental setup is constructed in a way to provide uniform irradiation of the sample. Using Sacalc3v1.4 irradiation radial homogeneity has been studied. In order to evaluate biologically our apparatus, a well-established chromosomal aberration assay has been utilized, applied in exponentially growing hamster (CHO) cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence gamma-H2AX/53BP1 foci assay has been performed as a 'biological detector', in order to validate α-particles surface density. RESULTS Source surface homogeneity: emission deviations do not exceed 10-15%. The optimal distance between the source and the cells for irradiation is determined to be 14.8 mm. Irradiation radial homogeneity: a deviation of 5% occurs at the first 8 mm from the center of the irradiation area, and a 10% deviation occurs after 12 mm. Chromosomal aberrations were found in good agreement with the corresponding in bibliography. CONCLUSIONS The current technical report describes analytically the development and evaluation stages of this experimental housing; from MC simulations to the irradiation of mammalian cells and data analysis. Moreover, guidance is provided as well as a report of the variables on which critical parameters are depended, so as to make this work useful to anyone who wants to construct a similar in-house α-irradiation apparatus for radiobiological studies using mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharenia Nikitaki
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Choulilitsa
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon A Kalospyros
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Kaisaridi
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia I Terzoudi
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Mike Kokkoris
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
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4
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Durdik M, Kosik P, Jakl L, Kozackova M, Markova E, Vigasova K, Beresova K, Jakubikova J, Horvathova E, Zastko L, Fekete M, Zavacka I, Pobijakova M, Belyaev I. Imaging flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy in assessing radiation response in lymphocytes from umbilical cord blood and cancer patients. Cytometry A 2021; 99:1198-1208. [PMID: 34089242 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) induced by ionizing radiation (IR) are usually measured using γH2AX/53BP1 DNA repair foci, that is considered to be the most sensitive assay for DSB analysis. While fluorescence microscopy (FM) is the gold standard for this analysis, imaging flow cytometry (IFC) may offer number of advantages such as lack of the fluorescence background, higher number of cells analyzed, and higher sensitivity in detection of DNA damage induced by IR at low doses. Along with appearance of γH2AX foci, the variable fraction of the cells exhibits homogeneously stained γH2AX signal resulting in so-called γH2AX pan-staining, which is believed to appear at early stages of apoptosis. Here, we investigated incidence of γH2AX pan-staining at different time points after irradiation with γ-rays using IFC and compared the obtained data with the data from FM. Appearance of γH2AX pan-staining during the apoptotic process was further analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of cells at different stages of apoptosis and subsequent immunofluorescence analysis. Our results show that IFC was able to reveal dose dependence of pan-staining, while FM failed to detect all pan-staining cells. Moreover, we found that γH2AX pan-staining could be induced by therapeutic, but not low doses of γ-rays and correlate well with percentage of apoptotic cells was analyzed using flow cytometric Annexin-V/7-AAD assay. Further investigations showed that γH2AX pan-staining is formed in the early phases of apoptosis and remains until later stages of apoptotic process. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation as detected with comet assay using FM correlated with the percentage of live and late apoptotic/necrotic cells as analyzed by flow cytometry. Lastly, we successfully tested IFC for detection of γH2AX pan-staining and γH2AX/53BP1 DNA repair foci in lymphocyte of breast cancer patients after radiotherapy, which may be useful for assessing individual radiosensitivity in a clinically relevant cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matus Durdik
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Kosik
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lukas Jakl
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Kozackova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Markova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Vigasova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Beresova
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Jakubikova
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Horvathova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucian Zastko
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Fekete
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ingrid Zavacka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Margita Pobijakova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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5
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Evaluation of Calyculin A Effect on γH2AX/53BP1 Focus Formation and Apoptosis in Human Umbilical Cord Blood Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115470. [PMID: 34067339 PMCID: PMC8196852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dephosphorylation inhibitor calyculin A (cal A) has been reported to inhibit the disappearance of radiation-induced γH2AX DNA repair foci in human lymphocytes. However, other studies reported no change in the kinetics of γH2AX focus induction and loss in irradiated cells. While apoptosis might interplay with the kinetics of focus formation, it was not followed in irradiated cells along with DNA repair foci. Thus, to validate plausible explanations for significant variability in outputs of these studies, we evaluated the effect of cal A (1 and 10 nM) on γH2AX/53BP1 DNA repair foci and apoptosis in irradiated (1, 5, 10, and 100 cGy) human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes (UCBL) using automated fluorescence microscopy and annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assay/γH2AX pan-staining, respectively. No effect of cal A on γH2AX and colocalized γH2AX/53BP1 foci induced by low doses (≤10 cGy) of γ-rays was observed. Moreover, 10 nM cal A treatment decreased the number of all types of DNA repair foci induced by 100 cGy irradiation. 10 nM cal A treatment induced apoptosis already at 2 h of treatment, independently from the delivered dose. Apoptosis was also detected in UCBL treated with lower cal A concentration, 1 nM, at longer cell incubation, 20 and 44 h. Our data suggest that apoptosis triggered by cal A in UCBL may underlie the failure of cal A to maintain radiation-induced γH2AX foci. All DSB molecular markers used in this study responded linearly to low-dose irradiation. Therefore, their combination may represent a strong biodosimetry tool for estimation of radiation response to low doses. Assessment of colocalized γH2AX/53BP1 improved the threshold of low dose detection.
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6
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Lobachevsky P, Forrester HB, Ivashkevich A, Mason J, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Sprung CN, Djonov VG, Martin OA. Synchrotron X-Ray Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect: An Impact of the Scattered Radiation, Distance From the Irradiated Site and p53 Cell Status. Front Oncol 2021; 11:685598. [PMID: 34094987 PMCID: PMC8175890 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.685598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation, especially microbeam radiotherapy (MRT), has a great potential to improve cancer radiotherapy, but non-targeted effects of synchrotron radiation have not yet been sufficiently explored. We have previously demonstrated that scattered synchrotron radiation induces measurable γ-H2AX foci, a biomarker of DNA double-strand breaks, at biologically relevant distances from the irradiated field that could contribute to the apparent accumulation of bystander DNA damage detected in cells and tissues outside of the irradiated area. Here, we quantified an impact of scattered radiation to DNA damage response in "naïve" cells sharing the medium with the cells that were exposed to synchrotron radiation. To understand the effect of genetic alterations in naïve cells, we utilised p53-null and p53-wild-type human colon cancer cells HCT116. The cells were grown in two-well chamber slides, with only one of nine zones (of equal area) of one well irradiated with broad beam or MRT. γ-H2AX foci per cell values induced by scattered radiation in selected zones of the unirradiated well were compared to the commensurate values from selected zones in the irradiated well, with matching distances from the irradiated zone. Scattered radiation highly impacted the DNA damage response in both wells and a pronounced distance-independent bystander DNA damage was generated by broad-beam irradiations, while MRT-generated bystander response was negligible. For p53-null cells, a trend for a reduced response to scattered irradiation was observed, but not to bystander signalling. These results will be taken into account for the assessment of genotoxic effects in surrounding non-targeted tissues in preclinical experiments designed to optimise conditions for clinical MRT and for cancer treatment in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Advanced Analytical Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Therapeutic Goods Administration, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joel Mason
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organisation (CSIRO) Future Industries, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)/Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris J Hall
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)/Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Olga A Martin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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7
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Xu Q, Mackay RP, Xiao AY, Copland JA, Weinberger PM. Ym155 Induces Oxidative Stress-Mediated DNA Damage and Cell Cycle Arrest, and Causes Programmed Cell Death in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041961. [PMID: 33669447 PMCID: PMC7920419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with a median survival time of about 4 months. Currently, there is no effective treatment, and the development of new therapies is an important and urgent issue for ATC patients. YM155 is a small molecule that was identified as the top candidate in a high-throughput screen of small molecule inhibitors performed against a panel of ATC cell lines by the National Cancer Institute. However, there were no follow-up studies investigating YM155 in ATC. Here, we determined the effects of YM155 on ATC and human primary benign thyroid cell (PBTC) survival with alamarBlue assay. Our data show that YM155 inhibited proliferation of ATC cell lines while sparing normal thyroid cells, suggesting a high therapeutic window. YM155-induced DNA damage was detected by measuring phosphorylation of γ-H2AX as a marker for DNA double-strand breaks. The formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified alkaline comet assay in conjunction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and glutathione (GSH)/glutathione (GSSG) assay suggests that YM155-mediated oxidative stress contributes to DNA damage. In addition, we provide evidence that YM155 causes cell cycle arrest in S phase and in the G2/M transition and causes apoptosis, as seen with flow cytometry. In this study, we show for the first time the multiple effects of YM155 in ATC cells, furthering a potential therapeutic approach for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Xu
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (Q.X.); (R.P.M.)
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Ryan P. Mackay
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (Q.X.); (R.P.M.)
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Adam Y. Xiao
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - John A. Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Paul M. Weinberger
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (Q.X.); (R.P.M.)
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Monitoring DNA Damage and Repair in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Lung Cancer Radiotherapy Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092517. [PMID: 32899789 PMCID: PMC7563254 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Every patient responds to radiotherapy in individual manner. Some suffer severe side-effects because of normal tissue toxicity. Their radiosensitivity can be caused by inability of DNA repair system to fix radiation-induced damage. The γ-H2AX assay can detect such deficiency in untransformed primary cells (e.g., peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC), over a period of only hours post ex-vivo irradiation. Earlier we have shown that the level and kinetics of decline (repair) of radiation-induced DNA damage detected by the assay is a measure of the cellular radiosensitivity. In this study, we applied the γ-H2AX assay to judge the radiosensitivity of lung cancer radiotherapy patients as normal or abnormal, based on kinetics of DNA damage repair. Considering the potential of the assay as a clinical biodosimeter, we also monitored DNA damage in serial samples of PBMC during the course of radiotherapy. This study opens an opportunity to monitor individual response to radiotherapy treatment. Abstract Thoracic radiotherapy (RT) is required for the curative management of inoperable lung cancer, however, treatment delivery is limited by normal tissue toxicity. Prior studies suggest that using radiation-induced DNA damage response (DDR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) has potential to predict RT-associated toxicities. We collected PBMC from 38 patients enrolled on a prospective clinical trial who received definitive fractionated RT for non-small cell lung cancer. DDR was measured by automated counting of nuclear γ-H2AX foci in immunofluorescence images. Analysis of samples collected before, during and after RT demonstrated the induction of DNA damage in PBMC collected shortly after RT commenced, however, this damage repaired later. Radiation dose to the tumour and lung contributed to the in vivo induction of γ-H2AX foci. Aliquots of PBMC collected before treatment were also irradiated ex vivo, and γ-H2AX kinetics were analyzed. A trend for increasing of fraction of irreparable DNA damage in patients with higher toxicity grades was revealed. Slow DNA repair in three patients was associated with a combined dysphagia/cough toxicity and was confirmed by elevated in vivo RT-generated irreparable DNA damage. These results warrant inclusion of an assessment of DDR in PBMC in a panel of predictive biomarkers that would identify patients at a higher risk of toxicity.
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9
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DNA damage response and preleukemic fusion genes induced by ionizing radiation in umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13722. [PMID: 32839487 PMCID: PMC7445283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is clear evidence that ionizing radiation (IR) causes leukemia. For many types of leukemia, the preleukemic fusion genes (PFG), as consequences of DNA damage and chromosomal translocations, occur in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) in utero and could be detected in umbilical cord blood (UCB) of newborns. However, relatively limited information is available about radiation-induced apoptosis, DNA damage and PFG formation in human HSPC. In this study we revealed that CD34+ HSPC compared to lymphocytes: (i) are extremely radio-resistant showing delayed time kinetics of apoptosis, (ii) accumulate lower level of endogenous DNA damage/early apoptotic γH2AX pan-stained cells, (iii) have higher level of radiation-induced 53BP1 and γH2AX/53BP1 co-localized DNA double stranded breaks, and (iv) after low dose of IR may form very low level of BCR-ABL PFG. Within CD34+ HSPC we identified CD34+CD38+ progenitor cells as a highly apoptosis-resistant population, while CD34+CD38- hematopoietic stem/multipotent progenitor cells (HSC/MPP) as a population very sensitive to radiation-induced apoptosis. Our study provides critical insights into how human HSPC respond to IR in the context of DNA damage, apoptosis and PFG.
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10
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Cipponi A, Goode DL, Bedo J, McCabe MJ, Pajic M, Croucher DR, Rajal AG, Junankar SR, Saunders DN, Lobachevsky P, Papenfuss AT, Nessem D, Nobis M, Warren SC, Timpson P, Cowley M, Vargas AC, Qiu MR, Generali DG, Keerthikumar S, Nguyen U, Corcoran NM, Long GV, Blay JY, Thomas DM. MTOR signaling orchestrates stress-induced mutagenesis, facilitating adaptive evolution in cancer. Science 2020; 368:1127-1131. [PMID: 32499442 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In microorganisms, evolutionarily conserved mechanisms facilitate adaptation to harsh conditions through stress-induced mutagenesis (SIM). Analogous processes may underpin progression and therapeutic failure in human cancer. We describe SIM in multiple in vitro and in vivo models of human cancers under nongenotoxic drug selection, paradoxically enhancing adaptation at a competing intrinsic fitness cost. A genome-wide approach identified the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) as a stress-sensing rheostat mediating SIM across multiple cancer types and conditions. These observations are consistent with a two-phase model for drug resistance, in which an initially rapid expansion of genetic diversity is counterbalanced by an intrinsic fitness penalty, subsequently normalizing to complete adaptation under the new conditions. This model suggests synthetic lethal strategies to minimize resistance to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcadi Cipponi
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David L Goode
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin Bedo
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Computing and Information Systems, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark J McCabe
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alvaro Gonzalez Rajal
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon R Junankar
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Darren N Saunders
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Computing and Information Systems, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Nessem
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Cowley
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ana C Vargas
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Turramurra, NSW, Australia
| | - Min R Qiu
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Anatomical and Molecular Oncology Pathology, SYDPATH, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniele G Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Breast Cancer Unit and Translational Research Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Uyen Nguyen
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Niall M Corcoran
- Division of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Urology, Peninsula Health, Frankston, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Wollstonecraft, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital and Mater Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Centre Leon Berard and Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France.,UNICANCER, Paris, France
| | - David M Thomas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Memmel S, Sisario D, Zimmermann H, Sauer M, Sukhorukov VL, Djuzenova CS, Flentje M. FocAn: automated 3D analysis of DNA repair foci in image stacks acquired by confocal fluorescence microscopy. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:27. [PMID: 31992200 PMCID: PMC6986076 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphorylated histone H2AX, also known as γH2AX, forms μm-sized nuclear foci at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation and other agents. Due to their specificity and sensitivity, γH2AX immunoassays have become the gold standard for studying DSB induction and repair. One of these assays relies on the immunofluorescent staining of γH2AX followed by microscopic imaging and foci counting. During the last years, semi- and fully automated image analysis, capable of fast detection and quantification of γH2AX foci in large datasets of fluorescence images, are gradually replacing the traditional method of manual foci counting. A major drawback of the non-commercial software for foci counting (available so far) is that they are restricted to 2D-image data. In practice, these algorithms are useful for counting the foci located close to the midsection plane of the nucleus, while the out-of-plane foci are neglected. Results To overcome the limitations of 2D foci counting, we present a freely available ImageJ-based plugin (FocAn) for automated 3D analysis of γH2AX foci in z-image stacks acquired by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The image-stack processing algorithm implemented in FocAn is capable of automatic 3D recognition of individual cell nuclei and γH2AX foci, as well as evaluation of the total foci number per cell nucleus. The FocAn algorithm consists of two parts: nucleus identification and foci detection, each employing specific sequences of auto local thresholding in combination with watershed segmentation techniques. We validated the FocAn algorithm using fluorescence-labeled γH2AX in two glioblastoma cell lines, irradiated with 2 Gy and given up to 24 h post-irradiation for repair. We found that the data obtained with FocAn agreed well with those obtained with an already available software (FoCo) and manual counting. Moreover, FocAn was capable of identifying overlapping foci in 3D space, which ensured accurate foci counting even at high DSB density of up to ~ 200 DSB/nucleus. Conclusions FocAn is freely available an open-source 3D foci analyzer. The user-friendly algorithm FocAn requires little supervision and can automatically count the amount of DNA-DSBs, i.e. fluorescence-labeled γH2AX foci, in 3D image stacks acquired by laser-scanning microscopes without additional nuclei staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Memmel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Sisario
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie und Biophysik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany.,Molekulare und Zellulare Biotechnologie/Nanotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Marine Sciences, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Casa Central, Angamos 0610, Antafogasta/Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Markus Sauer
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie und Biophysik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Sukhorukov
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie und Biophysik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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Jakl L, Marková E, Koláriková L, Belyaev I. Biodosimetry of Low Dose Ionizing Radiation Using DNA Repair Foci in Human Lymphocytes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010058. [PMID: 31947954 PMCID: PMC7016656 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Ionizing radiation induced foci (IRIF) known also as DNA repair foci represent most sensitive endpoint for assessing DNA double strand breaks (DSB). IRIF are usually visualized and enumerated with the aid of fluorescence microscopy using antibodies to γH2AX and 53BP1. This study analyzed effect of low dose ionizing radiation on residual IRIF in human lymphocytes to the aim of potential biodosimetry and possible extrapolation of high-dose γH2AX/53BP1 effects to low doses and compared kinetics of DSB and IRIF. We also analyzed whether DNaseI, which is used for reducing of clumps, affects the IRIF level. Materials and Methods: The cryopreserved human lymphocytes from umbilical cord blood (UCB) were thawed with/without DNaseI, γ-irradiated at doses of 0, 5, 10, and 50 cGy and γH2AX/53BP1 foci were analyzed 30 min, 2 h, and 22 h post-irradiation using appropriate antibodies. We also analyzed kinetics of DSB using PFGE. Results: No significant difference was observed between data obtained by γH2AX foci evaluation in cells that were irradiated by low doses and data obtained by extrapolation from higher doses. Residual 53BP1 foci induced by low doses significantly outreached the data extrapolated from irradiation by higher doses. 53BP1 foci induced by low dose-radiation remain longer at DSB loci than foci induced by higher doses. There was no significant effect of DNaseI on DNA repair foci. Conclusions: Primary γH2AX, 53BP1 foci and their co-localization represent valuable markers for biodosimetry of low doses, but their usefulness is limited by short time window. Residual γH2AX and 53BP1 foci are more useful markers for biodosimetry in vitro. Effects of low doses can be extrapolated from high dose using γH2AX residual foci while γH2AX/53BP1 foci are valuable markers for evaluation of initial DSB induced by ionizing radiation. Residual IRIF induced by low doses persist longer time than those induced by higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Jakl
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-59327321; Fax: +421-2-59327305
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13
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Durdik M, Kosik P, Markova E, Somsedikova A, Gajdosechova B, Nikitina E, Horvathova E, Kozics K, Davis D, Belyaev I. Microwaves from mobile phone induce reactive oxygen species but not DNA damage, preleukemic fusion genes and apoptosis in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16182. [PMID: 31700008 PMCID: PMC6838175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been associated with the increased risk of childhood leukemia, which arises from mutations induced within hematopoietic stem cells often through preleukemic fusion genes (PFG). In this study we investigated whether exposure to microwaves (MW) emitted by mobile phones could induce various biochemical markers of cellular damage including reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA single and double strand breaks, PFG, and apoptosis in umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells including CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. UCB cells were exposed to MW pulsed signals from GSM900/UMTS test-mobile phone and ROS, apoptosis, DNA damage, and PFG were analyzed using flow cytometry, automated fluorescent microscopy, imaging flow cytometry, comet assay, and RT-qPCR. In general, no persisting difference in DNA damage, PFG and apoptosis between exposed and sham-exposed samples was detected. However, we found increased ROS level after 1 h of UMTS exposure that was not evident 3 h post-exposure. We also found that the level of ROS rise with the higher degree of cellular differentiation. Our data show that UCB cells exposed to pulsed MW developed transient increase in ROS that did not result in sustained DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matus Durdik
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Pavol Kosik
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Markova
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Somsedikova
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Beata Gajdosechova
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ekaterina Nikitina
- Department of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Eva Horvathova
- Deparment of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Kozics
- Deparment of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Devra Davis
- The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Medicine, and Environmental Health Trust, Washington, USA
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Deparment of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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14
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Xiao AY, Maynard MR, Piett CG, Nagel ZD, Alexander JS, Kevil CG, Berridge MV, Pattillo CB, Rosen LR, Miriyala S, Harrison L. Sodium sulfide selectively induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction and radiosensitizes glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101220. [PMID: 31176262 PMCID: PMC6556549 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) has a poor prognosis despite intensive treatment with surgery and chemoradiotherapy. Previous studies using dose-escalated radiotherapy have demonstrated improved survival; however, increased rates of radionecrosis have limited its use. Development of radiosensitizers could improve patient outcome. In the present study, we report the use of sodium sulfide (Na2S), a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor, to selectively kill GBM cells (T98G and U87) while sparing normal human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Na2S also decreased mitochondrial respiration, increased oxidative stress and induced γH2AX foci and oxidative base damage in GBM cells. Since Na2S did not significantly alter T98G capacity to perform non-homologous end-joining or base excision repair, it is possible that GBM cell killing could be attributed to increased damage induction due to enhanced reactive oxygen species production. Interestingly, Na2S enhanced mitochondrial respiration, produced a more reducing environment and did not induce high levels of DNA damage in hCMEC/D3. Taken together, this data suggests involvement of mitochondrial respiration in Na2S toxicity in GBM cells. The fact that survival of LN-18 GBM cells lacking mitochondrial DNA (ρ0) was not altered by Na2S whereas the survival of LN-18 ρ+ cells was compromised supports this conclusion. When cells were treated with Na2S and photon or proton radiation, GBM cell killing was enhanced, which opens the possibility of H2S being a radiosensitizer. Therefore, this study provides the first evidence that H2S donors could be used in GBM therapy to potentiate radiation-induced killing. Sodium sulfide selectively kills GBM cells by inducing DNA damage. Sodium sulfide induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in GBM cells. Toxicity to sodium sulfide is dependent on mitochondrial respiration. Sodium sulfide radiosensitizes GBM cells to photon and proton radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Y Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Matthew R Maynard
- Radiation Oncology, Willis-Knighton Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Cortt G Piett
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | | | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Lane R Rosen
- Radiation Oncology, Willis-Knighton Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Lynn Harrison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
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15
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Herschtal A, Martin RF, Leong T, Lobachevsky P, Martin OA. A Bayesian Approach for Prediction of Patient Radiosensitivity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 102:627-634. [PMID: 30244880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A priori identification of the small proportion of radiation therapy patients who prove to be severely radiosensitive is a long-held goal in radiation oncology. A number of published studies indicate that analysis of the DNA damage response after ex vivo irradiation of peripheral blood lymphocytes, using the γ-H2AX assay to detect DNA damage, provides a basis for a functional assay for identification of the small proportion of severely radiosensitive cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS We introduce a new, more rigorous, integrated approach to analysis of radiation-induced γ-H2AX response, using Bayesian statistics. RESULTS This approach shows excellent discrimination between radiosensitive and non-radiosensitive patient groups described in a previously reported data set. CONCLUSIONS Bayesian statistical analysis provides a more appropriate and reliable methodology for future prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Herschtal
- Centre for Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trevor Leong
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavel Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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16
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Škorvaga M, Durdík M, Košík P, Marková E, Holop M, Kubeš M, Puškáčová J, Kolenová A, Belyaev I. Backtracked analysis of preleukemic fusion genes and DNA repair foci in umbilical cord blood of children with acute leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19233-19244. [PMID: 29721197 PMCID: PMC5922391 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The first event in origination of many childhood leukemias is a specific preleukemic fusion gene (PFG) that arises, often in utero, in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) from misrepaired DNA double strand break (DSB). An immanently elevated level of DSB and impaired apoptosis may contribute to origination and persistence of PFG and donor cell-derived leukemia in recipients of allogeneic transplantation of umbilical cord blood (UCB). We investigated DSB, apoptosis and PFG in the backtracked UCB cells of leukemic patients. RNA from UCB of three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, patient with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and Down syndrome, and four healthy children was screened for common PFG by RT-qPCR. Presence of PFG was validated by sequencing. Endogenous γH2AX and 53BP1 DNA repair foci, cell populations, and apoptosis were analyzed in UCB CD34+/- cells with imaging and standard flow cytometry. We found MLL2-AF4 and BCR-ABL (p190) fusion genes in UCB of two out from four pediatric patients, apparently not detected at diagnosis, while UCB cells of TEL-AML1+ ALL patient were tested negative for this PFG and no PFG were detected in UCB cells of healthy children. No significant difference in DNA damage and apoptosis between UCB CD34+/- cells from healthy children and leukemic patients was observed, while Down syndrome trisomy increased DNA damage and resulted in distribution of cell populations resembling transient abnormal myelopoiesis. Our findings indicate increased genetic instability in UCB HSPC of leukemic patients and may be potentially used for diagnostics and exclusion of possibly affected UCB from transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Škorvaga
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Matúš Durdík
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Košík
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Marková
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Holop
- Eurocord-Slovakia, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Judita Puškáčová
- Children's Hematology and Oncology Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Kolenová
- Children's Hematology and Oncology Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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