Differential expression of flowering genes in Arabidopsis thaliana under chronic and acute ionizing radiation

ArHDZ19 contributes to drought tolerance by advancing flowering time in Anoectochilus roxburghii

The homeodomain-leucine zippper gene family encodes plant-specific transcription factors that not only affect growth and development, but also play important roles in the drought response. ArHDZ19, from Anoectochilus roxburghii, encodes a homeodomain-leucine zipper III subfamily protein whose function and molecule ar mechanism remains unclear. Here, we explored the function of ArHDZ19 in regulating growth and the drought response. ArHDZ19 localized in the nucleus and its expression was strongly induced under drought stress. Overexpression of ArHDZ19 in Arabidopsis thaliana (OE-ArHDZ19) not only increased plant height and the length of stamens and pistils, but also resulted in an earlier flowering phenotype. The flowering-related genes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF CONSTANS OVEREXPRESSION 1 (SOC1), CONSTANS (CO), FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), and GIGANTEA (GI) were up-regulated in the OE-ArHDZ19 lines. Moreover, under drought conditions, overexpression of ArHDZ19 improved the plant survival rate and advanced the flowering time. Stress-responsive genes such as COLD-REGULATED 47 (COR47), KINESIN 1 (KIN1), and RESPONSE TO DESICCATION (RD29A) were up-regulated by drought treatment; however, their transcript levels were lower in OE-ArHDZ19 plants than in wild-type plants. These results indicate that ArHDZ19 can improve the drought resistance of plants by advancing the flowering time, which may be a drought-avoidance mechanism.

Complexity of responses to ionizing radiation in plants, and the impact on interacting biotic factors

In nature, plants are simultaneously exposed to different abiotic (e.g., heat, drought, and salinity) and biotic (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and insects) stresses. Climate change and anthropogenic pressure are expected to intensify the frequency of stress factors. Although plants are well equipped with unique and common defense systems protecting against stressors, they may compromise their growth and development for survival in such challenging environments. Ionizing radiation is a peculiar stress factor capable of causing clustered damage. Radionuclides are both naturally present on the planet and produced by human activities. Natural and artificial radioactivity affects plants on molecular, biochemical, cellular, physiological, populational, and transgenerational levels. Moreover, the fitness of pests, pathogens, and symbionts is concomitantly challenged in radiologically contaminated areas. Plant responses to artificial acute ionizing radiation exposure and laboratory-simulated or field chronic exposure are often discordant. Acute or chronic ionizing radiation exposure may occasionally prime the defense system of plants to better tolerate the biotic stress or could often exhaust their metabolic reserves, making plants more susceptible to pests and pathogens. Currently, these alternatives are only marginally explored. Our review summarizes the available literature on the responses of host plants, biotic factors, and their interaction to ionizing radiation exposure. Such systematic analysis contributes to improved risk assessment in radiologically contaminated areas.

Ionizing Radiation: Effective Physical Agents for Economic Crop Seed Priming and the Underlying Physiological Mechanisms

To overcome various factors that limit crop production and to meet the growing demand for food by the increasing world population. Seed priming technology has been proposed, and it is considered to be a promising strategy for agricultural sciences and food technology. This technology helps to curtail the germination time, increase the seed vigor, improve the seedling establishment, and enhance the stress tolerance, all of which are conducive to improving the crop yield. Meanwhile, it can be used to reduce seed infection for better physiological or phytosanitary quality. Compared to conventional methods, such as the use of water or chemical-based agents, X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, proton beams, and heavy ion beams have emerged as promising physics strategies for seed priming as they are time-saving, more effective, environmentally friendly, and there is a greater certainty for yield improvement. Ionizing radiation (IR) has certain biological advantages over other seed priming methods since it generates charged ions while penetrating through the target organisms, and it has enough energy to cause biological effects. However, before the wide utilization of ionizing priming methods in agriculture, extensive research is needed to explore their effects on seed priming and to focus on the underlying mechanism of them. Overall, this review aims to highlight the current understanding of ionizing priming methods and their applicability for promoting agroecological resilience and meeting the challenges of food crises nowadays.

Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for radiation-induced reproductive effects in environmental species: state of science and identification of a consensus AOP network

BACKGROUND

Reproductive effects of ionizing radiation in organisms have been observed under laboratory and field conditions. Such assessments often rely on associations between exposure and effects, and thus lacking a detailed mechanistic understanding of causality between effects occurring at different levels of biological organization. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP), a conceptual knowledge framework to capture, organize, evaluate and visualize the scientific knowledge of relevant toxicological effects, has the potential to evaluate the causal relationships between molecular, cellular, individual, and population effects. This paper presents the first development of a set of consensus AOPs for reproductive effects of ionizing radiation in wildlife. This work was performed by a group of experts formed during a workshop organized jointly by the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) and the European Radioecology Alliance (ALLIANCE) associations to present the AOP approach and tools. The work presents a series of taxon-specific case studies that were used to identify relevant empirical evidence, identify common AOP components and propose a set of consensus AOPs that could be organized into an AOP network with broader taxonomic applicability.

CONCLUSION

Expert consultation led to the identification of key biological events and description of causal linkages between ionizing radiation, reproductive impairment and reduction in population fitness. The study characterized the knowledge domain of taxon-specific AOPs, identified knowledge gaps pertinent to reproductive-relevant AOP development and reflected on how AOPs could assist applications in radiation (radioecological) research, environmental health assessment, and radiological protection. Future advancement and consolidation of the AOPs is planned to include structured weight of evidence considerations, formalized review and critical assessment of the empirical evidence prior to formal submission and review by the OECD sponsored AOP development program.

Biological effects of electron beam to target turning X-ray (EBTTX) on two freesia (Freesia hybrida) cultivars

Electron beam to target turning X-ray (EBTTX) is an emerging irradiation technology that can potentially accelerate the breeding process of plants. The biological effects of EBTTX irradiation on the two freesia cultivars (the red freesia and the purple freesia) were investigated by establishing an irradiation-mediated mutation breeding protocol. The germination rate, survival rate, plant height, leaf number and area, root number and length of the two freesia cultivars decreased following different irradiation doses (25, 50, 75, and 100-Gy). A high irradiation dose exhibited stronger inhibition effects on these plant growth parameters, and the survival rate of the two freesia cultivars was 0.00% following the 100-Gy irradiation treatment. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) based on survival rates was 54.28-Gy for the red freesia and 60.11-Gy for the purple freesia. The flowering rate, flower number, and pollen vigor were significantly decreased by irradiation treatment. At 75-Gy irradiation, the flowering rate, flower number and pollen viability of the two varieties reached the minimum, exhibiting strong inhibitory effects. Meanwhile, 75-Gy irradiation significantly decreased the chlorophyll content and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the two freesia cultivars. Furthermore, as the irradiation dose increased, the changes in the micro-morphology of the leaf epidermis and pollen gradually increased according to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. These results are expected to provide useful information for the mutation breeding of different freesia cultivars and other flowering plants.

Changes in DNA Methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Exposed Over Multiple Generations to Gamma Radiation

Previous studies have found indications that exposure to ionising radiation (IR) results in DNA methylation changes in plants. However, this phenomenon is yet to be studied across multiple generations. Furthermore, the exact role of these changes in the IR-induced plant response is still far from understood. Here, we study the effect of gamma radiation on DNA methylation and its effect across generations in young Arabidopsis plants. A multigenerational set-up was used in which three generations (Parent, generation 1, and generation 2) of 7-day old Arabidopsis thaliana plants were exposed to either of the different radiation treatments (30, 60, 110, or 430 mGy/h) or to natural background radiation (control condition) for 14 days. The parental generation consisted of previously non-exposed plants, whereas generation 1 and generation 2 plants had already received a similar irradiation in the previous one or two generations, respectively. Directly after exposure the entire methylomes were analysed with UPLC-MS/MS to measure whole genome methylation levels. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing was used to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs), including their methylation context in the three generations and this for three different radiation conditions (control, 30 mGy/h, and 110 mGy/h). Both intra- and intergenerational comparisons of the genes and transposable elements associated with the DMRs were made. Taking the methylation context into account, the highest number of changes were found for cytosines followed directly by guanine (CG methylation), whereas only limited changes in CHG methylation occurred and no changes in CHH methylation were observed. A clear increase in IR-induced DMRs was seen over the three generations that were exposed to the lowest dose rate, where generation 2 had a markedly higher number of DMRs than the previous two generations (Parent and generation 1). Counterintuitively, we did not see significant differences in the plants exposed to the highest dose rate. A large number of DMRs associated with transposable elements were found, the majority of them being hypermethylated, likely leading to more genetic stability. Next to that, a significant number of DMRs were associated with genes (either in their promoter-associated region or gene body). A functional analysis of these genes showed an enrichment for genes related to development as well as various stress responses, including DNA repair, RNA splicing, and (a)biotic stress responses. These observations indicate a role of DNA methylation in the regulation of these genes in response to IR exposure and shows a possible role for epigenetics in plant adaptation to IR over multiple generations.

Soybean recovery from stress imposed by multigenerational growth in contaminated Chernobyl environment

Ionizing radiation is a genotoxic anthropogenic stressor. It can cause heritable changes in the plant genome, which can be either adaptive or detrimental. There is still considerable uncertainty about the effects of chronic low-intensity doses since earlier studies reported somewhat contradictory conclusions. Our project focused on the recovery from the multiyear chronic ionizing radiation stress. Soybean (Glycine max) was grown in field plots located at the Chernobyl exclusion zone and transferred to the clean ground in the subsequent generation. We profiled proteome of mature seeds by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Overall, 15 differentially abundant protein spots were identified in the field comparison and 11 in the recovery generation, primarily belonging to storage proteins, disease/defense, and metabolism categories. Data suggested that during multigenerational growth in a contaminated environment, detrimental heritable changes were accumulated. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured on the late vegetative state, pointing to partial recovery of photosynthesis from stress imposed by contaminating radionuclides. A plausible explanation for the observed phenomena is insufficient provisioning of seeds by lower quality resources, causing a persistent effect in the offspring generation. Additionally, we hypothesized that immunity against phytopathogens was compromised in the contaminated field, but perhaps even primed in the clean ground, yet this idea requires direct functional validation in future experiments. Despite showing clear signs of physiological recovery, one season was not enough to normalize biochemical processes. Overall, our data contribute to the more informed agricultural radioprotection.