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Fu S, Li Z, Xiao L, Hu W, Zhang L, Xie B, Zhou Q, He J, Qiu Y, Wen M, Peng Y, Gao J, Tan R, Deng Y, Weng L, Sun LQ. Glutamine Synthetase Promotes Radiation Resistance via Facilitating Nucleotide Metabolism and Subsequent DNA Damage Repair. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1136-1143.e4. [PMID: 31365859 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation resistance is a critical problem in radiotherapy for cancer. Radiation kills tumor cells mainly through causing DNA damage. Thus, efficiency of DNA damage repair is one of the most important factors that limits radiotherapy efficacy. Glutamine physiologically functions to generate protein and nucleotides. Here, we study the impact of glutamine metabolism on cancer therapeutic responses, in particular under irradiation-induced stress. We show that radiation-resistant cells possessed low glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and TCA cycle but high glutamine anabolism. Transcriptome analyses revealed that glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme catalyzing glutamate and ammonia to glutamine, was responsible for the metabolic alteration. ChIP and luciferase reporter assays revealed that GS could be transcriptionally regulated by STAT5. Knockdown of GS delayed DNA repair, weakened nucleotide metabolism, and enhanced radiosensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that GS links glutamine metabolism to radiotherapy response through fueling nucleotide synthesis and accelerating DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Fu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Bowen Xie
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Junju He
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yanfang Qiu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ming Wen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yanni Peng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Rong Tan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yuezhen Deng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Liang Weng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China; Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Changsha 410008, China.
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2
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Boccard SG, Marand SV, Geraci S, Pycroft L, Berger FR, Pelletier LA. Inhibition of DNA-repair genes Ercc1 and Mgmt enhances temozolomide efficacy in gliomas treatment: a pre-clinical study. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29456-68. [PMID: 26336131 PMCID: PMC4745739 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. To date, therapies do not allow curing patients, and glioblastomas (GBMs) are associated with remarkably poor prognosis. This situation is at least partly due to intrinsic or acquired resistance to treatment, especially to chemotherapy. In 2005, temozolomide (TMZ) has become the first chemotherapeutic drug validated for GBM. Nevertheless TMZ efficacy depends on Mgmt status. While the methylation of Mgmt promoter was considered so far as a prognostic marker, its targeting is becoming an effective therapeutic opportunity. Thus, arrival of both TMZ and Mgmt illustrated that considerable progress can still be realized by optimizing adjuvant chemotherapy. A part of this progress could be accomplished in the future by overcoming residual resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of a set of other DNA-repair genes in glioma resistance to temozolomide. We focused on DNA-repair genes located in the commonly deleted chromosomal region in oligodendroglioma (1p/19q) highly correlated with patient response to chemotherapy. We measured effects of inhibition of ten DNA-repair genes expression using siRNAs on astrocytoma cell response to cisplatin (CDDP) and TMZ. SiRNAs targeting ercc1, ercc2, mutyh, and pnkp significantly sensitized cells to chemotherapy, increasing cell death by up to 25%. In vivo we observed a decrease of subcutaneous glioma tumor growth after injection of siRNA in conjunction with absorption of TMZ. We demonstrated in this pre-clinical study that targeting of DNA-repair genes such as Ercc1 could be used as an adjuvant chemosensitization treatment, similarly to Mgmt inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Boccard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Oxford Functional Neurosurgery and Experimental Neurology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sandie V Marand
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandra Geraci
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurie Pycroft
- Oxford Functional Neurosurgery and Experimental Neurology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - François R Berger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent A Pelletier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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3
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LUZHNA LIDIA, GOLUBOV ANDREY, ILNYTSKYY SLAVA, CHEKHUN VASYLF, KOVALCHUK OLGA. Molecular mechanisms of radiation resistance in doxorubicin-resistant breast adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1692-708. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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4
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Martinez-Marignac VL, Rodrigue A, Davidson D, Couillard M, Al-Moustafa AE, Abramovitz M, Foulkes WD, Masson JY, Aloyz R. The effect of a DNA repair gene on cellular invasiveness: XRCC3 over-expression in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16394. [PMID: 21283680 PMCID: PMC3025979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of DNA repair genes has been associated with resistance to radiation and DNA-damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. More recently, based on the analysis of genome expression profiling, it was proposed that over-expression of DNA repair genes enhances the invasive behaviour of tumour cells. In this study we present experimental evidence utilizing functional assays to test this hypothesis. We assessed the effect of the DNA repair proteins known as X-ray complementing protein 3 (XRCC3) and RAD51, to the invasive behavior of the MCF-7 luminal epithelial-like and BT20 basal-like triple negative human breast cancer cell lines. We report that stable or transient over-expression of XRCC3 but not RAD51 increased invasiveness in both cell lines in vitro. Moreover, XRCC3 over-expressing MCF-7 cells also showed a higher tumorigenesis in vivo and this phenotype was associated with increased activity of the metalloproteinase MMP-9 and the expression of known modulators of cell-cell adhesion and metastasis such as CD44, ID-1, DDR1 and TFF1. Our results suggest that in addition to its' role in facilitating repair of DNA damage, XRCC3 affects invasiveness of breast cancer cell lines and the expression of genes associated with cell adhesion and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amélie Rodrigue
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - David Davidson
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Couillard
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ala-Eddin Al-Moustafa
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark Abramovitz
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D. Foulkes
- Faculty of Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - Raquel Aloyz
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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5
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Krämer OH, Knauer SK, Zimmermann D, Stauber RH, Heinzel T. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and hydroxyurea modulate the cell cycle and cooperatively induce apoptosis. Oncogene 2007; 27:732-40. [PMID: 17653085 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapy resistance represents a major problem for disease management in oncology. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been shown to modulate the cell cycle, to induce apoptosis and to sensitize cancer cells for other chemotherapeutics. Our study shows that the HDACi valproic acid (VPA) and the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) potentiate the pro-apoptotic effects of each other towards several cancer cell lines. This correlates with the HU-induced degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI) p21 and p27, mediated by the proteasome or caspase-3. Moreover, we found that caspase-3 activation is required for VPA-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, p21 and p27 can confer resistance against VPA and HU. Both CDKI interact with caspase-3 and compete with other caspase-3 substrates. Hence, p21 and p27 may contribute to chemotherapy resistance as apoptosis inhibitors. Since the biological effects of VPA and HU could be achieved at concentrations used in current treatment protocols, the combined application of these compounds might be considered as a potential strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Krämer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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6
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Gupta P, Su ZZ, Lebedeva IV, Sarkar D, Sauane M, Emdad L, Bachelor MA, Grant S, Curiel DT, Dent P, Fisher PB. mda-7/IL-24: multifunctional cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing cytokine. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:596-628. [PMID: 16464504 PMCID: PMC1781515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
"Differentiation therapy" provides a unique and potentially effective, less toxic treatment paradigm for cancer. Moreover, combining "differentiation therapy" with molecular approaches presents an unparalleled opportunity to identify and clone genes mediating cancer growth control, differentiation, senescence, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Subtraction hybridization applied to human melanoma cells induced to terminally differentiate by treatment with fibroblast interferon (IFN-beta) plus mezerein (MEZ) permitted cloning of melanoma differentiation associated (mda) genes. Founded on its novel properties, one particular mda gene, mda-7, now classified as a member of the interleukin (IL)-10 gene family (IL-24) because of conserved structure, chromosomal location, and cytokine-like properties has become the focus of attention of multiple laboratories. When administered by transfection or adenovirus-transduction into a spectrum of tumor cell types, melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) induces apoptosis, whereas no toxicity is apparent in normal cells. mda-7/IL-24 displays potent "bystander antitumor" activity and also has the capacity to enhance radiation lethality, to induce immune-regulatory activities, and to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Based on these remarkable attributes and effective antitumor therapy in animal models, this cytokine has taken the important step of entering the clinic. In a Phase I clinical trial, intratumoral injections of adenovirus-administered mda-7/IL-24 (Ad.mda-7) was safe, elicited tumor-regulatory and immune-activating processes, and provided clinically significant activity. This review highlights our current understanding of the diverse activities and properties of this novel cytokine, with potential to become a prominent gene therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
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7
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Ekhato IV, Huang CC. Preparation of carbon-14 labeled 3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-1(2H)-isoquinolinone. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580340706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Um JH, Kwon JK, Kang CD, Kim MJ, Ju DS, Bae JH, Kim DW, Chung BS, Kim SH. Relationship between Antiapoptotic Molecules and Metastatic Potency and the Involvement of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase in the Chemosensitization of Metastatic Human Cancer Cells by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Blockade. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:1062-70. [PMID: 15273254 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure to treat metastatic cancer with multidrug resistance is a major problem for successful cancer therapy, and the molecular basis for the association of metastatic phenotype with resistance to therapy is still unclear. In this study, we revealed that various metastatic cancer cells showed consistently higher levels of antiapoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2, nuclear factor-kappaB, MDM2, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and lower levels of proapoptotic proteins, including Bax and p53 than low metastatic parental cells. This was followed by chemo- and radioresistance in metastatic cancer cells compared with their parental cells. EGFR and DNA-PK activity, which are known to be associated with chemo- and radioresistance, were demonstrated to be mutually regulated by each other. Treatment with PKI166, an EGFR inhibitor, suppressed etoposide-induced activation of DNA-PK in A375SM metastatic melanoma cells. In addition, PKI166 enhanced markedly the chemosensitivities of metastatic cancer cell sublines to various anticancer drugs in comparison with those of low metastatic cancer cells. These results suggest that the activities of DNA-PK and EGFR, which is positively correlated with each other, may contribute to metastatic phenotype as well as therapy resistance, and the EGFR inhibitor enhances the effect of anticancer drugs against therapy-resistant metastatic cancer cells via suppression of stress responses, including activation of DNA-PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Um
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan 602-739, South Korea
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9
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Leszczyniecka M, Roberts T, Dent P, Grant S, Fisher PB. Differentiation therapy of human cancer: basic science and clinical applications. Pharmacol Ther 2001; 90:105-56. [PMID: 11578655 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(01)00132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current cancer therapies are highly toxic and often nonspecific. A potentially less toxic approach to treating this prevalent disease employs agents that modify cancer cell differentiation, termed 'differentiation therapy.' This approach is based on the tacit assumption that many neoplastic cell types exhibit reversible defects in differentiation, which upon appropriate treatment, results in tumor reprogramming and a concomitant loss in proliferative capacity and induction of terminal differentiation or apoptosis (programmed cell death). Laboratory studies that focus on elucidating mechanisms of action are demonstrating the effectiveness of 'differentiation therapy,' which is now beginning to show translational promise in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leszczyniecka
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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10
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Bradford R, Koppel H, Pilkington GJ, Thomas DG, Darling JL. Heterogeneity of chemosensitivity in six clonal cell lines derived from a spontaneous murine astrocytoma and its relationship to genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. J Neurooncol 1997; 34:247-61. [PMID: 9258817 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005704223040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in drug sensitivity must, in part, account for the relative lack of success with single agent chemotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In order to develop in vitro model systems to investigate this, clones derived from the VM spontaneous murine astrocytoma have been characterised with regard to drug sensitivity. Six clonal cell lines have been tested for sensitivity to a panel of cytotoxic drugs using an intermediate duration 35S-methionine uptake assay. These lines have previously been extensively characterised with regard to morphological, antigenic, kinetic, tumourigenic potential in syngeneic animals and chromosomal properties and display considerable heterogeneity. The present study indicates that heterogeneity extends to sensitivity to all classes of cytotoxic drugs. The greatest difference in sensitivity between the clones was seen in response to cell cycle-specific drugs like the Vinca alkaloids (14-fold and 20-fold for vincristine (VCR) and vindesine (VIND) respectively), while the nitrosoureas, CCNU and BCNU displayed a smaller fold difference in sensitivity (4.3 and 3.6-fold difference respectively). All the clones were considerably more resistant to the adriamycin (ADM), cis-platinum (C-PLAT) and the Vinca alkaloids than the parental cell line although the difference in sensitivity between the clones and parental cell line were less marked for the nitrosoureas and procarbazine (PCB). It has also been possible to examine the relationship between drug sensitivity and the phenotypic and genotypic properties of these clonal cell lines. There is a relationship between chromosome number and sensitivity of a wide variety of cytotoxic drugs including the nitrosoureas, Vinca alkaloids, PCB, C-PLAT, BLEO but not ADR or 5-FU. Clones with small numbers of chromosomes were more resistant than clones with gross polyploidy. Similarly, sensitivity to Vinca alkaloids and ADM, but not other classes of drugs, was greatest in cells with numerous cytoplasmic processes and which did not express large amounts of cell surface fibronectin. Preliminary experiments have been conducted on reconstituting clonal mixtures of cells with different sensitivity to Vinca alkaloids and results from these studies indicate that the drug resistance phenotype is dominant, with clonal mixtures of sensitive and resistant cell adopting the sensitivity of the more resistant partner. These cell lines should prove to be useful models for examining the cell biological basis of drug resistance in glioma and may lead to the identification and exploitation of novel cellular targets in new therapies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bradford
- Gough-Cooper Department of Neurological Surgery, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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11
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Sugita K, Suzuki N, Fujii K, Niimi H. Reduction of unscheduled DNA synthesis and plasminogen activator activity in Hutchinson-Gilford fibroblasts during passaging in vitro: partial correction by interferon-beta. Mutat Res 1995; 316:133-8. [PMID: 7862176 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8734(95)90006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two fibroblast cell lines (PG3KT and PG1NA) derived from Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome (progeria) cases were characterized, at various population doubling levels (PDL), with respect to the capacity of ultraviolet light (UV, mainly 254 nm wavelength)-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and plasminogen activator-like protease activity (PA). The UDS levels in PG3KT and PG1NA cells at PDL 2-3 were only slightly less than those in normal fibroblasts. With increasing PDL, both progeria cell lines exhibited reduction of the UDS levels and undetectable ones at PDL 9-11. Prompt and transient induction of PA was also detectable at less than PDL 5, whereas it was undectable at higher PDL. However, the levels of UDS and PA induction were increased about 3-7 times after pretreatment with 100 IU/ml human interferon (HuIFN)-beta preparations for more than 24 h prior to UV irradiation, although UDS and PA were undetectable at more than PDL 10. These results suggest that cytokines such as HuIFN-beta transiently compensate for the decreases in UDS and PA inducibility in progeria cells with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chiba, Japan
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12
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Sugita K, Suzuki N, Isogai E, Niimi H. Insusceptibility of Cockayne syndrome-derived lymphocytes to plasminogen activator-like protease induction by ultraviolet rays and its abolition by interferon. Mutat Res 1991; 262:139-44. [PMID: 1705660 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(91)90120-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protease induced by ultraviolet rays (UV) has been extensively investigated in human cells. Plasminogen activator-like protease (PA) activity was induced soon after UV irradiation in peripheral lymphocytes derived from healthy donors. In contrast, UV-irradiated lymphocytes derived from Cockayne syndrome (CS) cases did not show marked protease inducibility. Epstein-Barr (EB) virus-transformed CS lymphoblastoid cells were also characterized by insusceptibility to UV-induction of PA. However, when CS-derived cells were treated with a human interferon (HuIFN) preparation prior to irradiation, induction of PA activity was detected, irrespective of the kind of HuIFN (alpha or gamma). The results indicate the possibility of abnormal PA metabolism in CS-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugita
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Recent progress in the understanding of drug resistance has led to the discovery of new targets for chemotherapy. By attacking the molecules that make cancer cells insensitive to chemotherapy, it is hoped that drug-resistant disease will respond to treatment. This review describes some of the latest advances in understanding of the biochemistry of drug resistance. Following a general introduction four areas of topical interest are discussed: (1) multidrug resistance and P-glycoprotein, (2) glutathione and its related enzymes, (3) topoisomerase II and (4) DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Masters
- Institute of Urology, University College London, St. Pauls Hospital, U.K
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14
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Abstract
The metastatic cascade is a sequence of events that must be completed for metastases to be established. The realization that tumors are heterogeneous, consisting of many different subpopulations differing in many characteristics, and the belief that there are selective events in the metastatic process have led several laboratories to isolate and characterize variants with both high and low metastatic potential. Typically, the highly metastatic variants have been able to form distant metastases when implanted into the subcutis. Such lines have been popular for studies of metastatic mechanisms and anti-metastatic therapy, but they may be atypical examples, and thus not the best experimental models. Recent studies indicate that normal tissue influences metastasis such that many tumors metastasize only if placed in the orthotopic site. Furthermore, some cells that do not metastasize individually are able to do so in conjunction with other variant subpopulations. Thus, mixtures of tumor cells in the tissue of origin can express a more malignant character. We review possible mechanisms for such influential interactions, as well as the role of cellular interactions in generating heterogeneity and stabilizing tumor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Miller
- E. Walter Albachten Department of Immunology, Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit
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15
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Tsuchiya H, Tomita K, Yasutake H, Ueda Y, Tanaka M, Sasaki T. Growth inhibition and differentiation of murine melanoma B16-BL6 cells caused by the combination of cisplatin and caffeine. Jpn J Cancer Res 1989; 80:1246-51. [PMID: 2516852 PMCID: PMC5917928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1989.tb01661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We preliminarily investigated the combined effects of cisplatin and caffeine on murine melanoma B16-BL6 cells in vitro. When caffeine was added before or simultaneously with cisplatin, there was little growth inhibition. The addition of 2.0 mM caffeine after 1 h of exposure to cisplatin inhibited growth and induced cell differentiation. This treatment resulted in fewer cells, and the numbers of melanosomes and mitochondria and the amount of Golgi's complex and endoplasmic reticulum were increased. DNA histograms obtained by flow cytometry showed that cells treated with cisplatin alone accumulated in the G2/M phase, with a partial G2 block. The addition of 2.0 mM caffeine after 1 h of treatment with cisplatin reduced this block. Caffeine caused murine melanoma B16-BL6 cells treated with cisplatin to differentiate, and this inhibited growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa
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16
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Bradford R, Darling JL, Thomas DG. The in-vitro chemosensitivity of three cell lines derived from the VM/DK spontaneous murine astrocytoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49:1361-6. [PMID: 3806112 PMCID: PMC1029119 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.49.12.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Three cell lines, VM/Dk P497 P540 and P560 derived from the VM spontaneous murine astrocytoma have previously been fully characterised and found to differ in their degree of astrocytic differentiation. The in vitro chemosensitivity of the three lines has been investigated using the 35S-methionine uptake assay. Differential chemosensitivity was found to exist between the cell lines. The pattern of chemosensitivity in relation to astrocytic differentiation was complex but the least differentiated cell line, P497, tended to be the least chemosensitive.
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17
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Carson DA, Seto S, Wasson DB, Carrera CJ. DNA strand breaks, NAD metabolism, and programmed cell death. Exp Cell Res 1986; 164:273-81. [PMID: 2940104 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(86)90028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An intimate relationship exists between DNA single-strand breaks, NAD metabolism, and cell viability in quiescent human lymphocytes. Under steady-state conditions, resting lymphocytes continually break and rejoin DNA. The balanced DNA excision-repair process is accompanied by a proportional consumption of NAD for poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. However, lymphocytes have a limited capacity to resynthesize NAD from nicotinamide. An increase in DNA strand break formation in lymphocytes, or a block in DNA repair, accelerates poly(ADP-ribose) formation and may induce lethal NAD and ATP depletion. In this way, the level of DNA single-strand breaks in the lymphocyte nucleus is linked to the metabolic activity of the cytoplasm. The programmed removal of lymphocytes (and perhaps of other cells) with damaged DNA, may represent a novel physiologic function for poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent NAD cycling.
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