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Gubernat S, Masłoń A, Czarnota J, Koszelnik P. Reactive Materials in the Removal of Phosphorus Compounds from Wastewater-A Review. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153377. [PMID: 32751535 PMCID: PMC7435924 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Modern technologies designed to treat wastewater containing phosphorus compounds are based on the processes of adsorption and precipitation. In addition, more environmentally friendly and cheaper materials are being sought to ensure greater conformity with overarching assumptions of green chemistry and sustainable development. Against that background, this paper offers a review and analysis of available information on the considered reactive materials that have the capacity to remove phosphorus from wastewater. These materials are categorised as natural (with a sub-division in line with the dominant sorption groups of Al/Fe or Ca/Mg), waste, or man-made. Notably, most studies on sorbents have been carried out in laboratory systems via experimentation under static conditions. Among the natural materials, opoka has the highest sorption capacity of 181.20 g P/kg, while red mud (in the waste material category) is most efficient at binding phosphorus with a level of 345.02 g P/kg. Finally, among the group of commercial materials, Rockfos® has the highest sorption capacity of 256.40 g P/kg. In addition, this paper recognises the effect of composition, pH, and physical properties on a reactive material's capacity to absorb phosphorus, as well as the possibility for further potential use in the production of fertilisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Gubernat
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Inżynieria Rzeszów S.A., ul. Podkarpacka 59a, 35-082 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Adam Masłoń
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.C.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17-865-1278
| | - Joanna Czarnota
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.C.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Koszelnik
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.C.); (P.K.)
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Chemical Clogging and Evolution of Head Losses in Steel Slag Filters Used for Phosphorus Removal. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to propose a conceptual model of clogging in alkaline granular filters. Two slag columns were operated for 600 days and monitored using piezometers and tracer tested at regular intervals. The type of influent (organic or inorganic) affected the loss of effective porosity in the filters. Well organized and loose crystal structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy in columns with inorganic and organic influents, respectively. It was postulated that the formation of crystals in unorganized structures results in confined voids that are not accessible for water flow, thus accelerating porosity loss. The effect of the combination of chemical clogging and biofilm on the porosity loss is higher than the effect of these two factors separately. The Kozeny-Carman equation for hydraulic conductivity could not efficiently predict the evolution of head losses in the column fed with an inorganic influent. The crystal structure and connectivity in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous precipitation are concepts that could improve predictions of hydraulic conductivity. The results of this study highlighted the importance of the inlet zone on the development of pressure head in alkaline granular filters. Future research on clogging should focus on precipitation mechanisms in the inlet zone and on the design of the feeding system.
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Grela A, Łach M, Mikuła J. An Efficacy Assessment of Phosphate Removal from Drainage Waters by Modified Reactive Material. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051190. [PMID: 32155873 PMCID: PMC7085026 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphates may pose a threat to the aquatic ecosystem when there is a connection or a path between the soil and the aquatic ecosystem. Runoff and drainage ditches connect arable land with the waters of the receiver. Phosphates in the runoff and the ditches contribute to the negative phenomenon of surface water eutrophication. In order to prevent it, certain reactive materials are used which are capable of the selective removal of compounds by way of sorption or precipitation. Zeolites can be distinguished among the many reactive materials. Within the present analysis, the modification of a reactive material containing zeolites was carried out using calcium hydroxide solutions of different concentrations. A certain concentration of calcium hydroxide was created for use in further studies. In order to characterise the new material, an analysis was done of the chemical and mineral composition, as well as the porous texture and morphology. The efficacy of phosphate removal for its typical concentrations in drainage waters in Poland was confirmed by way of an experiment. Using a modified reactive material as an element of landscape structures may reduce the negative impact of phosphates on the quality of surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Grela
- Faculty of Environmental and Power Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126283133
| | - Michał Łach
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (M.Ł.); (J.M.)
| | - Janusz Mikuła
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (M.Ł.); (J.M.)
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Performance of Field-Scale Phosphorus Removal Structures Utilizing Steel Slag for Treatment of Subsurface Drainage. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reducing dissolved phosphorus (P) losses from legacy P soils to surface waters is necessary for preventing algal blooms. Phosphorus removal structures containing steel slag have shown success in treating surface runoff for dissolved P, but little is known about treating subsurface (tile) drainage. A ditch-style and subsurface P removal structure were constructed using steel slag in a bottom-up flow design for treating tile drainage. Nearly 97% of P was delivered during precipitation-induced flow events (as opposed to baseflow) with inflow P concentrations increasing with flow rate. Structures handled flow rates approximately 12 L s−1, and the subsurface and ditch structures removed 19.2 (55%) and 0.9 kg (37%) of the cumulative dissolved P load, respectively. Both structures underperformed relative to laboratory flow-through experiments and exhibited signs of flow inhibition with time. Dissolved P removal decreased dramatically when treated water pH decreased <8.5. Although slag has proven successful for treating surface runoff, we hypothesize that underperformance in this case was due to tile drainage bicarbonate consumption of slag calcium through the precipitation of calcium carbonate, thereby filling pore space, decreasing flow and pH, and preventing calcium phosphate precipitation. We do not recommend non-treated steel slag for removing dissolved P from tile drainage unless slag is replaced every 4–6 months.
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Castellar JAC, Formosa J, Fernández AI, Jové P, Bosch MG, Morató J, Brix H, Arias CA. Cork as a sustainable carbon source for nature-based solutions treating hydroponic wastewaters - Preliminary batch studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:267-276. [PMID: 30199672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reusing by-products is an important strategy to ensure the preservation of natural capital and climate change mitigation. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of cork granulates, a by-product of winery industry, as an organic carbon (OC) source for the treatment of hydroponic wastewaters. First, chemical characterization was performed and discussed. Secondly, batch studies were performed using synthetic hydroponic wastewater to understand the role of particle size (PS), pH and contact time (CT) on the release of OC. The suberin is the major compound, representing >50%. It was noticed that a variance on the content of suberin across species, within the same species and depending on the extraction part (belly, cork and back) could be expected. >60% of the sample is composed by carbon while <1% was nitrogen (high C:N ratio), indicating a low risk of releasing organic nitrogen. The statistical results suggested that the main effect of PS on the release of OC is greater than both, CT and pH. The chemical release of OC gets slower with time, being this effect greater as the PS increase. Moreover, estimations showed that using the 4 mm PS, the amount of water treated would be twice the amount if the 8 mm PS had been used. The PS seems to play an important role at design nature-based solutions (NBS) focused on denitrification. The surface response methodology indicates a significant negative interaction between CT and PS suggesting that the mathematical model could be used for further optimization studies. The reuse of organic by-products as filter media seems to be an economic and environmentally friendly alternative to enhance denitrification in NBS, while preserving natural capital. However, further real scale and long-term experiments are needed to validate cork's potential as an "internal" OC source for NBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A C Castellar
- UNESCO Chair on Sustainability, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, C/Colom 1, Terrassa 08222, Spain.
| | - Joan Formosa
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Químcia Física, Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Inés Fernández
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Químcia Física, Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patricia Jové
- Catalan Cork Institute, Miquel, Vincke i Meyer 13, Palafrugell-Girona 17200, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Gonzáles Bosch
- Interdisciplinary Group of Science and Technology in Building, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Av Doctor Marañon 31, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Jordi Morató
- UNESCO Chair on Sustainability, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, C/Colom 1, Terrassa 08222, Spain.
| | - Hans Brix
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Bldg 1135, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark; Watec, Aarhus University Center for Water Technology, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Carlos A Arias
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, Bldg 1135, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark; Watec, Aarhus University Center for Water Technology, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Sanford JR, Larson RA. Evaluation of Phosphorus Filter Media for an Inline Subsurface Drainage Treatment System. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:1919-1925. [PMID: 27898781 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.01.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Subsurface drainage from agricultural land has been identified as a contributor of both N and P into surface waters, leading to water quality degradation and eutrophication. This study evaluates the ability of P sorption media (PSM; expanded shale, expanded clay, furnace slag, and natural soil) to sorb P in both batch and column tests. Batch sorption tests estimated sorption of 3.4, 1.2, and 0.5 g P kg for expanded shale, expanded clay, and natural soil, respectively. Furnace slag sorption was evaluated for fine (FS), small (FS), and large (FS) particle sizes, with estimated sorption of 6.8, 5.1, and 3.8 g P kg, respectively. Phosphorus removal for the three furnace slag particle sizes and natural soil were tested in flow-through columns operated at residence times of 50, 17, and 7 s. A decrease in residence time reduced P removal in all columns evaluated. Following all trials, the average P removal from influent was 50% for FS, followed by 27% for FS (furnace slag-coated pea gravel), 22% for FS, and 6% for sandy loam-coated pea gravel. The data from this study provides crucial information for developing and sizing an inline tile drainage treatment system to remove P from tile drainage outlets before reaching surface waters.
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Penn C, Bowen J, McGrath J, Nairn R, Fox G, Brown G, Wilson S, Gill C. Evaluation of a universal flow-through model for predicting and designing phosphorus removal structures. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 151:345-355. [PMID: 26950026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) removal structures have been shown to decrease dissolved P loss from agricultural and urban areas which may reduce the threat of eutrophication. In order to design or quantify performance of these structures, the relationship between discrete and cumulative removal with cumulative P loading must be determined, either by individual flow-through experiments or model prediction. A model was previously developed for predicting P removal with P sorption materials (PSMs) under flow-through conditions, as a function of inflow P concentration, retention time (RT), and PSM characteristics. The objective of this study was to compare model results to measured P removal data from several PSM under a range of conditions (P concentrations and RT) and scales ranging from laboratory to field. Materials tested included acid mine drainage residuals (AMDRs), treated and non-treated electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag at different size fractions, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum. Equations for P removal curves and cumulative P removed were not significantly different between predicted and actual values for any of the 23 scenarios examined. However, the model did tend to slightly over-predict cumulative P removal for calcium-based PSMs. The ability of the model to predict P removal for various materials, RTs, and P concentrations in both controlled settings and field structures validate its use in design and quantification of these structures. This ability to predict P removal without constant monitoring is vital to widespread adoption of P removal structures, especially for meeting discharge regulations and nutrient trading programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Penn
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, 367 Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - James Bowen
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, 367 Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Joshua McGrath
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 0214 H.J. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD, 27042, USA
| | - Robert Nairn
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, 202 W. Boyd St. Room 334, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Garey Fox
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, 367 Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Glenn Brown
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, 367 Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Stuart Wilson
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, 367 Agricultural Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Clinton Gill
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, 0214 H.J. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD, 27042, USA
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