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Bhatt A, Dada AC, Prajapati SK, Arora P. Integrating life cycle assessment with quantitative microbial risk assessment for a holistic evaluation of sewage treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160842. [PMID: 36509266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An integrated approach was employed in the present study to combine life cycle assessment (LCA) with quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to assess an existing sewage treatment plant (STP) at Roorkee, India. The midpoint LCA modeling revealed that high electricity consumption (≈ 576 kWh.day-1) contributed to the maximum environmental burdens. The LCA endpoint result of 0.01 disability-adjusted life years per person per year (DALYs pppy) was obtained in terms of the impacts on human health. Further, a QMRA model was developed based on representative sewage pathogens, including E. coli O157:H7, Giardia sp., adenovirus, norovirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The public health risk associated with intake of pathogen-laden aerosols during treated water reuse in sprinkler irrigation was determined. A cumulative health risk of 0.07 DALYs pppy was obtained, where QMRA risks contributed 86 % of the total health impacts. The annual probability of illness per person was highest for adenovirus and norovirus, followed by SARS-CoV-2, E. coli O157:H7 and Giardia sp. Overall, the study provides a methodological framework for an integrated LCA-QMRA assessment which can be applied across any treatment process to identify the hotspots contributing maximum environmental burdens and microbial health risks. Furthermore, the integrated LCA-QMRA approach could support stakeholders in the water industry to select the most suitable wastewater treatment system and establish regulations regarding the safe reuse of treated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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Jebri S, Yahya M, Rahmani F, Amri I, Hamdi M, Hmaied F. Inactivation of biohazards in healthcare wastewater by E-Beam and Gamma irradiation: a comparative study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75575-75586. [PMID: 35657553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of irradiation by Gamma rays and Electron Beam (E-Beam) on naturally occurring microorganisms shed in healthcare wastewater issued from multi-specialties hospital. We examined the susceptibility of naturally occurring total indicator bacteriophages towards Gamma rays and E-Beam irradiation to evaluate their appropriateness as viral indicators for healthcare wastewater quality control. Results showed that healthcare wastewater is a rich matrix containing bacteriophages surrogates of pathogenic waterborne viruses (4.5 Log10 PFU/100 mL for SOMCPH and 2.3 Log10 PFU/100 mL for FRNAPH), antibiotic resistant bacteria (Mean concentrations from 2.3 to 5.5 Log10 CFU/100 mL), molds and yeasts (2.7 Log10 CFU/100 mL), and spores of Clostridium perfringens (Mean concentration of 3.3 Log10 CFU/100 mL). After E-Beam irradiation, naturally occurring bacteria in healthcare wastewater showed lower resistance patterns (D10 values ranging between 0.21 ± 0.005 and 0.59 ± 0.005) compared to those obtained after Gamma irradiation (D10 values ranging between 0.25 ± 0.015 and 0.70 ± 0.0001). Spores of Clostridium perfringens were the most resistant assayed microbes either after E-Beam (D10 values of 3.74 ± 0.005) or Gamma irradiation (D10 values of 4.77 ± 0.025) of collected samples. According to inactivation patterns, a dose of 10 kGy was sufficient for a complete inactivation of spores. Bacteriophages isolated from healthcare wastewater showed the same resistance patterns as those previously obtained in urban treated sewage and were inactivated using higher doses than waterborne bacteria (D10 values of SOMCPH 1.46 ± 0.057; D10 values of FRNAPH 1.03 ± 0.057). Their resistance to irradiation treatment in such complex matrix corroborates their use to survey the viral quality of healthcare wastewater before their discharge in the urban sanitation network. D10 value analysis showed that bacteria and bacteriophages inactivation by E-Beam irradiation required lower doses than those required for their inactivation using Gamma rays. According to inactivation patterns, a dose of 7 kGy was sufficient for total inactivation of both pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Thus, E-Beam irradiation seems to be an efficient physical pre-treatment process for healthcare wastewater treatment prior to its discharge in urban sanitation system to ensure compliance with environmental standards and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Jebri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Et Techniques Nucléaires, CNSTN, Technopôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - Mariem Yahya
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Et Techniques Nucléaires, CNSTN, Technopôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Faten Rahmani
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Et Techniques Nucléaires, CNSTN, Technopôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Islem Amri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Et Techniques Nucléaires, CNSTN, Technopôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Moktar Hamdi
- Laboratoire Ecologie Et Technologie Microbienne, Institut National Des Sciences Appliquées de Tunis, Tunis Carthage University, BP 676, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Hmaied
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Et Techniques Nucléaires, CNSTN, Technopôle de Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Valdez FQ, Leite LDS, Zanetoni Filho JA, Tango MD, Daniel LA. Detection and removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts by anaerobic reactors in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:2059-2068. [PMID: 33334260 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1866083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of raw wastewater into the environment can be a contamination source of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. The UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor is the most popular technology applied for wastewater treatment in Brazil, nevertheless there is little information concerning its capacity for (oo)cyst removal. In this context, this study investigated the occurrence and removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts by three different UASB reactors (i.e. Reactor A, B, and C) treating different wastewater types. In the wastewater influent, the concentration varied from 493.3 to 14,000 cysts·L-1 for Giardia spp. and from 'not detected' to 53.3 oocysts·L-1 for Cryptosporidium spp.. The (oo)cyst concentration increased after the anaerobic treatment in Reactors A and B, while Giardia spp. log-removal of 0.5 ± 0.2 was found in Reactor C. The increment in (oo)cyst concentration may happened due to the inefficacy for (oo)cyst removal by the specific UASB reactor and/or due to the reduction of matrix interference for reactor effluent samples in the detection method. The results suggest that hydraulic retention time (HRT) may be the key parameter for Giardia spp. removal by the UASB reactor. Furthermore, no parameter analysed (physical-chemical and indicator microorganisms) showed a common correlation with the (oo)cyst concentration in the three UASB reactors. Considering that official data of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis cases are rarely reported in Brazil, monitoring Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in wastewater could be an alternative to estimate the occurrence of diseases in the served population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Queiroz Valdez
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luan de Souza Leite
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Zanetoni Filho
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Mariana Daniel Tango
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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Ribeiro Dos Santos P, de Souza Leite L, Daniel LA. Performance of biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration for the treatment of secondary effluent: A pilot-scale study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114026. [PMID: 34731715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the adsorption capability for organic compounds, granular activated carbon (GAC) can also serve as a good media for the growth of microbial communities in biofilters. Despite its potential, the application of BAC filtration for municipal wastewater treatment has been little addressed in the literature. In this context, this paper aimed to investigate BAC filtration as a post-treatment of anaerobic effluent in pilot scale and its performance in removing organic matter and turbidity. Removal efficiencies during the biofilters run times and along biofilters depth were also evaluated. Three BAC filters were evaluated under different operating conditions of filtration rates (from 13 to 32 m d-1) and empty bed contact time (EBCT) (from 45 to 112 min) during 170 days. The lowest filtration rate (13 m d-1) presented the best performance in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal (68.2 ± 4.0%), leading to mean DOC effluent concentration of 6.8 ± 0,9 mg L-1. The BAC reached the stability of biological activity from the 63rd day of operation, however, the adsorption process was still occurring contributing to DOC removal. These DOC removals were higher than those results reported in the literature for BAC filters treating drinking water and municipal wastewater. The DOC removal efficiencies were maintained during the filter run times, showing the robustness of the system even after the interference caused by the backwashing process. BAC filtration was also capable of removing turbidity, with removal efficiencies between 84.5 ± 3.6% and 70.63 ± 6.8% depending on the filtration rate. The results indicated the capability of BAC systems to remove efficiently organic carbon and turbidity from effluents with high organic content, mean of 23.97 (±3.96) mg.L-1, and also valuable support to determine adequate operating parameters for BAC filters application in secondary effluent treatment, such as filtration rate (13 m d-1), EBCT (112 min), and detailed backwashing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-59, São Carlos - São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luan de Souza Leite
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-59, São Carlos - São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-59, São Carlos - São Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira GLD, Sueitt APE, Dos Santos PR, Leite LDS, Daniel LA. Removal of protozoan (oo)cysts and bacteria during microalgae harvesting: Outcomes from a lab-scale experiment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131767. [PMID: 34399254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of microalgae harvesting on the removal of Giardia spp. cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium spp. was assessed in lab-scale experiments (Jartest and Flotatest) using effluent from a flat panel photobioreactor used for Chlorella sorokiniana cultivation. Three harvesting methods were evaluated: (1) flocculation induced by pH modulation followed by sedimentation (pH-SED), (2) flocculation induced by pH modulation followed by dissolved air flotation (pH-DAF), and (3) coagulation using an organic coagulant (Tanfloc SG) followed by dissolved air flotation (Coag-DAF). The results indicated that the three harvesting methods were efficient in removing protozoan (oo)cysts and bacteria, achieving percentages of removal higher than 97% for all the analyzed pathogens. Among the three methods, pH-SED showed the best removal performance: 99.60% (2.5 log) for Giardia spp. cysts, 100% (>6.3 log) for total coliforms, 100% (>4.6 log) for Escherichia coli, 100% (>5.8 log) for Enterococcus spp. and 99.96% (3.6 log) for Clostridium spp. Clostridium spp. seemed to be more tolerant to the harvesting methods than the other groups of bacteria analyzed in the study, and its presence was positively correlated to the presence of Giardia spp. cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Laila de Oliveira
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Erbetta Sueitt
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luan de Souza Leite
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Oliveira GL, Daniel LA. Removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporididum spp. oocysts from anaerobic effluent by dissolved air flotation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:141-147. [PMID: 31136251 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1625447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lab-scale studies were carried out to investigate the efficiency of dissolved air flotation (DAF) for the removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts from anaerobic effluent from the pilot UASB reactor. Raw wastewater, UASB and DAF effluent samples were collected weekly and protozoan (oo)cysts were concentrated using IMS followed by protozoa detection using immunofluorescense assay (IFA). The number of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the raw wastewater was always lower than that of Giardia spp. cysts with 28-33 oocysts L-1 and 3177-4267 cysts L-1, respectively. Log10 removal of Giardia cysts utilising polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was higher than that with FeCl3, but no statistically significant difference between the two coagulants was observed. Cryptosporidium was absent in most of the treated effluent samples. The results indicate that DAF reached more than 2 log of cyst removal. In addition, the results demonstrated that these parasites are prevalent in the study area and E. coli and total coliforms were not good indicator microorganisms in terms of cyst and oocysts numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Laila de Oliveira
- Hydraulic and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Hydraulic and Sanitation Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kuramae EE, Dimitrov MR, da Silva GHR, Lucheta AR, Mendes LW, Luz RL, Vet LEM, Fernandes TV. On-Site Blackwater Treatment Fosters Microbial Groups and Functions to Efficiently and Robustly Recover Carbon and Nutrients. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E75. [PMID: 33396683 PMCID: PMC7824102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater is considered a renewable resource water and energy. An advantage of decentralized sanitation systems is the separation of the blackwater (BW) stream, contaminated with human pathogens, from the remaining household water. However, the composition and functions of the microbial community in BW are not known. In this study, we used shotgun metagenomics to assess the dynamics of microbial community structure and function throughout a new BW anaerobic digestion system installed at The Netherlands Institute of Ecology. Samples from the influent (BW), primary effluent (anaerobic digested BW), sludge and final effluent of the pilot upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and microalgae pilot tubular photobioreactor (PBR) were analyzed. Our results showed a decrease in microbial richness and diversity followed by a decrease in functional complexity and co-occurrence along the different modules of the bioreactor. The microbial diversity and function decrease were reflected both changes in substrate composition and wash conditions. Our wastewater treatment system also decreased microbial functions related to pathogenesis. In summary, the new sanitation system studied here fosters microbial groups and functions that allow the system to efficiently and robustly recover carbon and nutrients while reducing pathogenic groups, ultimately generating a final effluent safe for discharge and reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko E. Kuramae
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mauricio R. Dimitrov
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
| | - Gustavo H. R. da Silva
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Adriano R. Lucheta
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
| | - Lucas W. Mendes
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
| | - Ronildson L. Luz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.D.); (A.R.L.); (L.W.M.); (R.L.L.)
| | - Louise E. M. Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Tania V. Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Aerobic granular-based technology for water and energy recovery from municipal wastewater. N Biotechnol 2020; 56:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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