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Lin MW, Lin CS, Chen YT, Huang SQ, Yang YC, Zhang WX, Chiu WH, Lin CH, Kuo CM. Continuous microalgal culture module and method of culturing microalgae containing macular pigment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 401:130714. [PMID: 38641299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
This study established and investigated continuous macular pigment (MP) production with a lutein (L):zeaxanthin (Z) ratio of 4-5:1 by an MP-rich Chlorella sp. CN6 mutant strain in a continuous microalgal culture module. Chlorella sp. CN6 was cultured in a four-stage module for 10 days. The microalgal culture volume increased to 200 L in the first stage (6 days). Biomass productivity increased to 0.931 g/L/day with continuous indoor white light irradiation during the second stage (3 days). MP content effectively increased to 8.29 mg/g upon continuous, indoor white light and blue light-emitting diode irradiation in the third stage (1 day), and the microalgal biomass and MP concentrations were 8.88 g/L and 73.6 mg/L in the fourth stage, respectively. Using a two-step MP extraction process, 80 % of the MP was recovered with a high purity of 93 %, and its L:Z ratio was 4-5:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-systems (IDS(2)B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tso Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Qian Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hong Chiu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Mei Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan.
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Hui GT, Meng TK, Kassim MA. Green ultrasonication-assisted extraction of microalgae Chlorella sp. for polysaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich lipid extract using alternative solvent mixture. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1499-1512. [PMID: 37580470 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventionally, microalgal lipid extraction uses volatile organic compounds as an extraction solvent. However, these solvents are harmful to human and environmental health. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility of alternative green solvents, namely, ethanol, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) in lipid extraction from Chlorella sp. via ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). This study indicated that extraction parameters, such as ethanol-to-2-MeTHF ratio, solvent-to-biomass ratio, temperature, and time, significantly affected the crude lipid yield (P < 0.05). The highest crude lipid yield of 25.05 ± 0.924% was achieved using ethanol-2-MeTHF mixture (2:1, v/v) with a solvent-to-biomass ratio of 20:1 (v/w) at 60 °C for 25 min accompanying 100 W and 40 kHz. Ethanol-2-MeTHF-extracted lipids showed dominance in linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and palmitic acid. Overall this findings supported UAE using ethanol and 2-MeTHF as extraction solvents is a promising green alternative to conventional solvent extraction of lipids from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Ting Hui
- Division of Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tan Kean Meng
- Division of Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Asyraf Kassim
- Division of Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Liu Y, Liu X, Cui Y, Yuan W. Ultrasound for microalgal cell disruption and product extraction: A review. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 87:106054. [PMID: 35688121 PMCID: PMC9175141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising feedstock for the production of biofuels, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, due to their superior capability of converting solar energy and CO2 into lipids, proteins, and other valuable bioactive compounds. To facilitate the release of these important biomolecules from microalgae, effective cell disruption is usually necessary, where the use of ultrasound has gained tremendous interests as an alternative to traditional methods. This review not only summarizes the mechanisms of and operation parameters affecting cell disruption, but also takes an insight into measuring techniques, synergistic integration with other disruption methods, and challenges of ultrasonication for microalgal biorefining. Optimal conditions including ultrasonic frequency, intensity, and duration, and liquid viscosity and sonochemical reactor are the key factors for maximizing the disruption and extraction efficiency. A combination of ultrasound with other disruption methods such as ozonation, microwave, homogenization, enzymatic lysis, and solvents facilitates cell disruption and release of target compounds, thus provides powerful solutions to commercial scale-up of ultrasound extraction for microalgal biorefining. It is concluded that ultrasonication is a sustainable "green" process, but more research and work are needed to upscale this process without sacrificing performance or consuming more energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Gansu Innovation Center of Microalgae Technology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, Gansu, China
| | - Wenqiao Yuan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Rahman MM, Hosano N, Hosano H. Recovering Microalgal Bioresources: A Review of Cell Disruption Methods and Extraction Technologies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092786. [PMID: 35566139 PMCID: PMC9104913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have evolved into a promising sustainable source of a wide range of compounds, including protein, carbohydrates, biomass, vitamins, animal feed, and cosmetic products. The process of extraction of intracellular composites in the microalgae industry is largely determined by the microalgal species, cultivation methods, cell wall disruption techniques, and extraction strategies. Various techniques have been applied to disrupt the cell wall and recover the intracellular molecules from microalgae, including non-mechanical, mechanical, and combined methods. A comprehensive understanding of the cell disruption processes in each method is essential to improve the efficiency of current technologies and further development of new methods in this field. In this review, an overview of microalgal cell disruption techniques and an analysis of their performance and challenges are provided. A number of studies on cell disruption and microalgae extraction are examined in order to highlight the key challenges facing the field of microalgae and their future prospects. In addition, the amount of product recovery for each species of microalgae and the important parameters for each technique are discussed. Finally, pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted treatments, which are becoming an attractive option due to their simplicity and effectiveness in extracting microalgae compounds, are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mijanur Rahman
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Nushin Hosano
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioelectrics, Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Hamid Hosano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioelectrics, Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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Kumar A. Current and Future Perspective of Microalgae for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment and Feedstock for Biofuels Production. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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New Intensification Strategies for the Direct Conversion of Real Biomass into Platform and Fine Chemicals: What Are the Main Improvable Key Aspects? Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the solvothermal conversion of biomass has reached a good level of development, and now it is necessary to improve the process intensification, in order to boost its further growth on the industrial scale. Otherwise, most of these processes would be limited to the pilot scale or, even worse, to exclusive academic investigations, intended as isolated applications for the development of new catalysts. For this purpose, it is necessary to improve the work-up technologies, combining, where possible, reaction/purification unit operations, and enhancing the feedstock/liquid ratio, thus improving the final concentration of the target product and reducing the work-up costs. Furthermore, it becomes decisive to reconsider more critically the choice of biomass, solvent(s), and catalysts, pursuing the biomass fractionation in its components and promoting one-pot cascade conversion routes. Screening and process optimization activities on a laboratory scale must be fast and functional to the flexibility of these processes, exploiting efficient reaction systems such as microwaves and/or ultrasounds, and using multivariate analysis for an integrated evaluation of the data. These upstream choices, which are mainly of the chemist’s responsibility, are fundamental and deeply interconnected with downstream engineering, economic, and legislative aspects, which are decisive for the real development of the process. In this Editorial, all these key issues will be discussed, in particular those aimed at the intensification of solvothermal processes, taking into account some real case studies, already developed on the industrial scale.
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