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Shi M, Li Q, Wang Q, Yan X, Li B, Feng L, Wu C, Qiu R, Zhang H, Yang Z, Yang W, Liao Q, Chai L. A review on the transformation of birnessite in the environment: Implication for the stabilization of heavy metals. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:496-515. [PMID: 38105072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Birnessite is ubiquitous in the natural environment where heavy metals are retained and easily transformed. The surface properties and structure of birnessite change with the changes in external environmental conditions, which also affects the fate of heavy metals. Clarifying the effect and mechanism of the birnessite phase transition process on heavy metals is the key to taking effective measures to prevent and control heavy metal pollution. Therefore, the four transformation pathways of birnessite are summarized first in this review. Second, the relationship between transformation pathways and environmental conditions is proposed. These relevant environmental conditions include abiotic (e.g., co-existing ions, pH, oxygen pressure, temperature, electric field, light, aging, pressure) and biotic factors (e.g., microorganisms, biomolecules). The phase transformation is achieved by the key intermediate of Mn(III) through interlayer-condensation, folding, neutralization-disproportionation, and dissolution-recrystallization mechanisms. The AOS (average oxidation state) of Mn and interlayer spacing are closely correlated with the phase transformation of birnessite. Last but not least, the mechanisms of heavy metals immobilization in the transformation process of birnessite are summed up. They involve isomorphous substitution, redox, complexation, hydration/dehydration, etc. The transformation of birnessite and its implication on heavy metals will be helpful for understanding and predicting the behavior of heavy metals and the crucial phase of manganese oxides/hydroxides in natural and engineered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qingzhu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Xuelei Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Bensheng Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Linhai Feng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Rongrong Qiu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weichun Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Liao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
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