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Bechar A, Er-Rahmani S, Hassi M, Sadiki M, El Abed S, Ouaddi O, Tizar F, Alouani M, Ibnsouda Koraichi S. The effect of Dunaliella salina extracts on the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 3D printed polyethylene terephthalate and polylactic acid. BIOFOULING 2024; 40:447-466. [PMID: 39034852 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2380404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polylactic acid (PLA) are among the polymers used in the food industry. In this study, crude extracts of Dunaliella salina were used to treat the surface of 3D printed materials studied, aiming to provide them with an anti-adhesive property against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The hydrophobicity of treated and untreated surfaces was characterized using the contact angle method. Furthermore, the adhesive behavior of P. aeruginosa toward the substrata surfaces was also studied theoretically and experimentally. The results showed that the untreated PLA was hydrophobic, while the untreated PET was hydrophilic. It was also found that the treated materials became hydrophilic and electron-donating. The total energy of adhesion revealed that P. aeruginosa adhesion was theoretically favorable on untreated materials, while it was unfavorable on treated ones. Moreover, the experimental data proved that the adhesion to untreated substrata was obtained, while there was complete inhibition of adhesion to treated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzeddine Bechar
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Sara Er-Rahmani
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Hassi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Plants Protection, Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Science, Agadir, Morocco
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Moulay Sadiki
- Laboratory of Geo-Bio-Environment and Innovation Engineering, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Soumya El Abed
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Oumaima Ouaddi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Plants Protection, Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Science, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Fatima Tizar
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Plants Protection, Ibn Zohr University, Faculty of Science, Agadir, Morocco
- Laboratory of Geo-Bio-Environment and Innovation Engineering, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Alouani
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Science, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- Faculty of Applied Science, Ait Melloul, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Saad Ibnsouda Koraichi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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Esteban-Cuesta I, Dorn-In S, Drees N, Hölzel C, Gottschalk C, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from the surface of muskmelons. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 301:19-26. [PMID: 31071501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms is one of the main global public health problems. The consumption of food contaminated with such bacteria (ARB), especially of raw products, might result in the direct acquisition of ARB and in a spread of resistant bacteria along the food chain. The aim of the study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of potentially extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing or AmpC resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the surface of 147 muskmelons from wholesale and retail. A phenotypic analysis was carried out by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test strips for ESBL detection and MIC susceptibility plates against 14 antimicrobials. Furthermore, ESBL genes, sul-genes and plasmid-mediated AmpC resistance were analyzed by real-time PCR. Additionally, a further insight in the AmpC resistance of isolates of the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) was obtained by analyzing the sequence of the ampC regulatory region (n = 15). A total of 73 potentially resistant Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 56 muskmelons. Of these, 15 isolates of the ECC were suspicious for ESBL/AmpC resistance, and eleven thereof were positive for the AmpC family EBC. Phenotypic analysis showed diminished susceptibility against "critically" and "highly important" antimicrobials, according to the WHO classification. Furthermore, divergence in the ampC regulatory region was detected between the 15 isolates. These findings highlight the important role that raw produce might play in the transmission of antimicrobial resistances along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Esteban-Cuesta
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstrasse 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Samart Dorn-In
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstrasse 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Drees
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstrasse 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christina Hölzel
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstrasse 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstrasse 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstrasse 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Ocaña de Jesús RL, Gutiérrez Ibáñez AT, Sánchez Pale JR, Mariezcurrena Berasain MD, Eslava Campos CA, Laguna Cerda A. [Persistence, internalization and translocation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, O157:H16 and O105ab in plants and tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.)]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 50:408-416. [PMID: 29709245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli affects the quality and safety of vegetables that are consumed fresh and is associated with serious health problems. The objective of this study was to determine if three different strains of E. coli can penetrate and remain in plants and tomato fruits. A completely randomized experimental design was followed for which a tomato crop ("Cid" variety) was established under greenhouse conditions and three treatments were evaluated, T1 (E. coli O157:H7), T2 (E. coli from tomato cultivation [EcT] O157:H16), T3 (E. coli from spinach cultivation [EcH] O105ab) and a T4 control, with 100 plants each and four forms of inoculation: in the substrate, steam, petiole and the peduncle. Samples were carried out in vegetative stage, flowering, fruiting and physiological maturity to quantify in petri dish CFU/g and know if the bacteria managed to move around and recover in root, stem, flower and fruit. The phylogenetic groups that corresponded to the bacteria recovered were confirmed by biochemical tests, serotyping and PCR. At 120 days the recovery of bacteria in the plant was 23% (E. coli O157:H7), 28% (EcT O157:H16) and 55% (EcH O105ab) whit inoculation to the substrate while the inoculation by puncture the recovery was (in the same order) of 5%, 3%, and 4% at 30 days; 37%, 35% and 30% at 90 days; and 42%, 39% and 13% at 65 days. The strains submit the ability to enter the tomato plant and to stay in it and transported to the fruit, without producing that indicate their presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L Ocaña de Jesús
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Ana T Gutiérrez Ibáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México.
| | - Jesús R Sánchez Pale
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | | | - Carlos A Eslava Campos
- Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Unidad de Hemato Oncología e Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez'/División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Antonio Laguna Cerda
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
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Van Pelt AE, Quiñones B, Lofgren HL, Bartz FE, Newman KL, Leon JS. Low Prevalence of Human Pathogens on Fresh Produce on Farms and in Packing Facilities: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2018; 6:40. [PMID: 29527522 PMCID: PMC5829028 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne illness burdens individuals around the world and may be caused by consuming fresh produce contaminated with bacterial, parasite, and viral pathogens. Pathogen contamination on produce may originate at the farm and packing facility. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of human pathogens (bacteria, parasites, and viruses) on fresh produce (fruits, herbs, and vegetables) on farms and in packing facilities worldwide through a systematic review of 38 peer-reviewed articles. The median and range of the prevalence was calculated, and Kruskal-Wallis tests and logistic regression were performed to compare prevalence among pooled samples of produce groups, pathogen types, and sampling locations. Results indicated a low median percentage of fresh produce contaminated with pathogens (0%). Both viruses (p-value = 0.017) and parasites (p-value = 0.033), on fresh produce, exhibited higher prevalence than bacteria. No significant differences between fresh produce types or between farm and packing facility were observed. These results may help to better quantify produce contamination in the production environment and inform strategies to prevent future foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E. Van Pelt
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit, USDA/ARS/Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Hannah L. Lofgren
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Faith E. Bartz
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kira L. Newman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Juan S. Leon
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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5
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Meta-analysis of the incidence of foodborne pathogens in vegetables and fruits from retail establishments in Europe. Curr Opin Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ssemanda JN, Reij M, Bagabe MC, Muvunyi CM, Joosten H, Zwietering MH. Indicator microorganisms in fresh vegetables from “farm to fork” in Rwanda. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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de Vasconcelos Byrne V, Hofer E, Vallim DC, de Castro Almeida RC. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from vegetables. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:438-43. [PMID: 26991279 PMCID: PMC4874581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the consumption of fresh and minimally processed vegetables is considered healthy, outbreaks related to the contamination of these products are frequently reported. Among the food-borne pathogens that contaminate vegetables is Listeria monocytogenes, a ubiquitous organism that exhibits the ability to survive and multiply at refrigerated temperatures. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in vegetables as well as the antimicrobial resistance of isolates. The results showed that 3.03% of samples were contaminated with L. monocytogenes, comprising 2.22% of raw vegetables and 5.56% of ready-to-eat vegetables. Multiplex PCR confirmed the virulence potential of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance profiling showed that 50% of the isolates were susceptible to the antibiotics used. The resistance of one isolate to penicillin G, a commonly employed therapeutic agent, and the presence of serotype 4b, a serotype commonly associated with food-borne outbreaks, could be potential health hazards for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernesto Hofer
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonoses, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Deyse Christina Vallim
- Laboratory of Bacterial Zoonoses, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Ignat A, Manzocco L, Maifreni M, Nicoli MC. Decontamination Efficacy of Neutral and Acidic Electrolyzed Water in Fresh-Cut Salad Washing. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ignat
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; University of Udine; via Sondrio 2/a 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Lara Manzocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; University of Udine; via Sondrio 2/a 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Michela Maifreni
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; University of Udine; via Sondrio 2/a 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Nicoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti; University of Udine; via Sondrio 2/a 33100 Udine Italy
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Blaak H, Lynch G, Italiaander R, Hamidjaja RA, Schets FM, de Roda Husman AM. Multidrug-Resistant and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Dutch Surface Water and Wastewater. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127752. [PMID: 26030904 PMCID: PMC4452230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the current study was to gain insight into the prevalence and concentrations of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Escherichia coli in Dutch surface water, and to explore the role of wastewater as AMR contamination source. METHODS The prevalence of AMR E. coli was determined in 113 surface water samples obtained from 30 different water bodies, and in 33 wastewater samples obtained at five health care institutions (HCIs), seven municipal wastewater treatment plants (mWWTPs), and an airport WWTP. Overall, 846 surface water and 313 wastewater E. coli isolates were analysed with respect to susceptibility to eight antimicrobials (representing seven different classes): ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol. RESULTS Among surface water isolates, 26% were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials, and 11% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). In wastewater, the proportions of AMR/MDR E. coli were 76%/62% at HCIs, 69%/19% at the airport WWTP, and 37%/27% and 31%/20% in mWWTP influents and effluents, respectively. Median concentrations of MDR E. coli were 2.2×10(2), 4.0×10(4), 1.8×10(7), and 4.1×10(7) cfu/l in surface water, WWTP effluents, WWTP influents and HCI wastewater, respectively. The different resistance types occurred with similar frequencies among E. coli from surface water and E. coli from municipal wastewater. By contrast, among E. coli from HCI wastewater, resistance to cefotaxime and resistance to ciprofloxacin were significantly overrepresented compared to E. coli from municipal wastewater and surface water. Most cefotaxime-resistant E. coliisolates produced ESBL. In two of the mWWTP, ESBL-producing variants were detected that were identical with respect to phylogenetic group, sequence type, AMR-profile, and ESBL-genotype to variants from HCI wastewater discharged onto the same sewer and sampled on the same day (A1/ST23/CTX-M-1, B23/ST131/CTX-M-15, D2/ST405/CTX-M-15). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data show that MDR E. coli are omnipresent in Dutch surface water, and indicate that municipal wastewater significantly contributes to this occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetty Blaak
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gretta Lynch
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Italiaander
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Raditijo A. Hamidjaja
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Franciska M. Schets
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Manzocco L, Ignat A, Bartolomeoli I, Maifreni M, Nicoli MC. Water saving in fresh-cut salad washing by pulsed light. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Wood JL, Chen JC, Friesen E, Delaquis P, Allen KJ. Microbiological survey of locally grown lettuce sold at farmers' markets in Vancouver, British Columbia. J Food Prot 2015; 78:203-8. [PMID: 25581197 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased consumer demand for fresh leafy produce has been paralleled by an increase in outbreaks and illness associated with these foods. Presently, data on the microbiological quality and safety of produce harvested in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia is lacking. Therefore, fresh green, red, and romaine lettuce samples (n = 68) were obtained from five regional farmers' markets in late summer of 2012 and subsequently analyzed to determine total numbers of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Additionally, enrichment procedures were used to detect low concentrations of E. coli. Obtained E. coli isolates were subjected to multiplex PCRs to determine phylogenetic groupings and the presence of virulence genes (eaeA, hlyA, stx1, and stx2). All E. coli were tested for resistance to 15 antibiotics using a disk diffusion assay. Lettuce samples yielded mean aerobic colony counts of 6.3 log CFU/g. Coliforms were detected in 72% of samples, with a median concentration of 1.9 log CFU/g. Of samples, 13% were found to harbor E. coli, with a median level of 0.7 log CFU/g. Antibiogram typing of all E. coli (n = 33) revealed that 97% possessed resistance to one or more antimicrobials, with resistance to amikacin (58%), trimethoprim (48%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (45%) being the most common. Phylogroup typing showed that 79% of these isolates belonged to group B1, with the remaining assigned to groups A (9%) or D (12%); no virulence genes were detected. Considering that phylogroup indicators suggestive of fecal contamination (groups A and D E. coli) were recovered in lettuce samples presented at retail, further work is required to explore at what point along the food chain contamination occurs. Also, this study shows the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in fresh vegetables. Summed, these data provide important information on the microbiological quality of leafy vegetables grown in British Columbia through the detection and characterization of frequently used indicator organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayde L Wood
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jessica C Chen
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Elsie Friesen
- Ministry of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Branch, Agrifood Safety and Quality, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada V2S 8A3
| | - Pascal Delaquis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
| | - Kevin J Allen
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Sant'Ana AS, Franco BD, Schaffner DW. Risk of infection with Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes due to consumption of ready-to-eat leafy vegetables in Brazil. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Fernández Fuentes MÁ, Ortega Morente E, Abriouel H, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A. Antimicrobial resistance determinants in antibiotic and biocide-resistant gram-negative bacteria from organic foods. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Extended spectrum ß-lactamase- and constitutively AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae on fresh produce and in the agricultural environment. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 168-169:8-16. [PMID: 24211774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The attribution of fresh produce to the overall community-associated exposure of humans to ESBL- or AmpC-producing bacteria is currently unknown. To address this issue, the prevalence of ESBL- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae on fresh produce produced in the Netherlands was determined. Seven vegetable types that are consumed raw were selected: blanched celery, bunched carrots, chicory, endive, iceberg lettuce, mushrooms, and radish. The vegetables were mostly obtained from supermarkets. To determine whether the agricultural environment is the source of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae on fresh produce, iceberg lettuce was also obtained directly from three farms, in conjunction with soil and irrigation water. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from vegetables and environment were all environmental species: Rahnella aquatilis (n = 119), Serratia fonticola (n = 45) and Pantoea agglomerans (n = 1). ESBL genes of R. aquatilis and S. fonticola were identified as blaRAHN-1 and blaRAHN-2 and blaFONA-1, blaFONA-2, blaFONA-3/6 and blaFONA-5, respectively. For R. aquatilis and S. fonticola, different prevalence numbers were observed using different isolation methods, which could at least partially be explained by an inverse correlation between the level of cefotaxime resistance of these species and incubation temperature. R. aquatilis was isolated from 0 to 46% of soil samples and 11 to 83% of vegetable samples, and S. fonticola from 2 to 60% of soil samples and 0 to 1.3% of vegetable samples. Third generation cephalosporin-resistant faecal Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 2.7%, 1.3% and 1.1% of supermarket vegetables, iceberg lettuce from farms, and agricultural soil respectively. Faecal Enterobacteriaceae were all identified as Citrobacter and Enterobacter species and, with the exception of one Citrobacter koseri strain, all had phenotypes indicative of constitutive AmpC production. Comparison of fresh produce and its agricultural environment indicates that the Enterobacteriaceae population on fresh produce reflects that of the soil it is grown in. Public health risks associated with exposure to ESBL- and AmpC-producing bacteria through consumption of uncooked fresh produce are diverse. They range from occasional ingestion of 3GC-resistant opportunistic pathogens which may result in difficult-to-treat infections, to frequent ingestion of relatively harmless ESBL-producing environmental bacteria that may therewith constitute a continuously replenished intestinal reservoir facilitating dissemination of ESBL genes to (opportunistic) pathogens.
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Mdluli F, Thamaga-Chitja J, Schmidt S. Appraisal of hygiene indicators and farming practices in the production of leafy vegetables by organic small-scale farmers in uMbumbulu (Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4323-38. [PMID: 24065036 PMCID: PMC3799505 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10094323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During October, November and December 2011 (when highest sales of Agri-Hub fresh produce are observed), irrigation water, compost, lettuce and spinach sampled from four different farmer cooperatives supplying the local Agri-Hub in uMbumbulu (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) were analyzed monthly for the presence of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli using the most probable number (MPN) technique. The pH values for all irrigation water samples analyzed were within the acceptable range of 6.5-8.5 for agricultural use. Fecal coliform levels were <1,000 MPN per 100 mL irrigation water and <1,000 MPN per g of compost. The vegetables produced by Agri-Hub small-scale farmers met the requirements for total coliforms of <200/g set by the South African Department of Health at the time of sampling. E. coli MPN values for irrigation water and vegetables were below the limit of detection. In addition, the farming practices of 73 farmers were assessed via a survey. The results revealed that more than 40% of farmers used microbiologically safe tap water for irrigation and that trained farmers have a significantly better understanding of the importance of production hygiene than untrained farmers. These results reiterate the importance of interventions that build capacity in the area of food safety and hygiene of small-scale farmers for market access of formal value chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fezile Mdluli
- Discipline of Food Security, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; E-Mails: (F.M.); (J.T.-C.)
| | - Joyce Thamaga-Chitja
- Discipline of Food Security, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; E-Mails: (F.M.); (J.T.-C.)
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
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Falomir MP, Rico H, Gozalbo D. Enterobacter and Klebsiella species isolated from fresh vegetables marketed in Valencia (Spain) and their clinically relevant resistances to chemotherapeutic agents. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:1002-7. [PMID: 23980710 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic or commensal enterobacteria in marketed agricultural foodstuffs may contribute to their incorporation into the food chain and constitutes an additional food safety concern. In this work, we have determined the clinically relevant resistances to 11 common chemotherapeutic agents in Enterobacter and Klebsiella isolates from fresh vegetables from various sources (supermarkets and greengrocers' shops in Valencia, Spain). A total of 96 isolates were obtained from 160 vegetables analyzed (50% positive samples): 68 Enterobacter isolates (59 E. cloacae, two E. aerogenes, two E. cancerogenus, one E. gergoviae, and four E. sakazakii, currently Cronobacter spp.), and 28 Klebsiella isolates (19 K. oxytoca and 9 K. pneumoniae). Only seven isolates were susceptible to all agents tested, and no resistances to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol were detected. Most isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (74 [58 Enterobacter and 16 Klebsiella]) or to ampicillin (80 [55/25]). Other resistances were less frequent: nitrofurantoin (13 isolates [12/1]), tetracycline (6 [5/1]), co-trimoxazole (3 [3/0]), cefotaxime (1 [1/0]), and streptomycin (2 [1/1]). Multiresistant isolates to two (56 [41/15]), three (10 E. cloacae isolates), four (one E. cloacae and one K. pneumoniae isolate), and five (two E. cloacae isolates) chemotherapeutic agents were also detected. The presence of potential pathogens points to marketed fresh produce, which often is eaten raw, as a risk factor for consumer health. In addition, these results support the usefulness of these bacterial species as indicators of the spreading of antibiotic resistances into the environment, particularly in the food chain, and suggest their role as carriers of resistance determinants from farms to consumers, which may constitute an additional "silent" food safety concern. Therefore, there is a need to improve the hygienic quality of marketed fresh vegetables, from better methods to prevent contamination in the farms to the use of sanitizing practices at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Falomir
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Burjassot, Spain
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Detection and enumeration of viable Listeria monocytogenes cells from ready-to-eat and processed vegetable foods by culture and DVC-FISH. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kaestli M, Schmid M, Mayo M, Rothballer M, Harrington G, Richardson L, Hill A, Hill J, Tuanyok A, Keim P, Hartmann A, Currie BJ. Out of the ground: aerial and exotic habitats of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in grasses in Australia. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:2058-70. [PMID: 22176696 PMCID: PMC3319007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease of humans and animals in the tropics caused by the soil bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Despite high fatality rates, the ecology of B.pseudomallei remains unclear. We used a combination of field and laboratory studies to investigate B.pseudomallei colonization of native and exotic grasses in northern Australia. Multivariable and spatial analyses were performed to determine significant predictors for B.pseudomallei occurrence in plants and soil collected longitudinally from field sites. In plant inoculation experiments, the impact of B.pseudomallei upon these grasses was studied and the bacterial load semi-quantified. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed to localize the bacteria in plants. Burkholderia pseudomallei was found to inhabit not only the rhizosphere and roots but also aerial parts of specific grasses. This raises questions about the potential spread of B.pseudomallei by grazing animals whose droppings were found to be positive for these bacteria. In particular, B.pseudomallei readily colonized exotic grasses introduced to Australia for pasture. The ongoing spread of these introduced grasses creates new habitats suitable for B.pseudomallei survival and may be an important factor in the evolving epidemiology of melioidosis seen both in northern Australia and elsewhere globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kaestli
- Tropical & Emerging Infectious Diseases Division, Menzies School of Health Research, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia.
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Schwaiger K, Helmke K, Hölzel CS, Bauer J. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from vegetables with regards to the marketing stage (farm vs. supermarket). Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 148:191-6. [PMID: 21700353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate whether and to what extent fresh produce from Germany plays a role as a carrier and reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria. For this purpose, 1001 vegetables (fruit, root, bulbous vegetables, salads and cereals) were collected from 13 farms and 11 supermarkets in Germany and examined bacteriologically. Phenotypic resistance of Enterobacter cloacae (n=172); Enterobacter gergoviae (n=92); Pantoea agglomerans (n=96); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=295); Pseudomonas putida (n=106) and Enterococcus faecalis (n=100) against up to 30 antibiotics was determined by using the microdilution method. Resistance to ß-lactams was most frequently expressed by P. agglomerans and E. gergoviae against cefaclor (41% and 29%). Relatively high resistance rates were also observed for doxycycline (23%), erythromycin (21%) and rifampicin (65%) in E. faecalis, for spectinomycin (28%) and mezlocillin (12%) in E. cloacae, as well as for streptomycin (19%) in P. putida. In P. aeruginosa, relatively low resistance rates were observed for the aminoglycosides amikacin, apramicin, gentamicin, neomycin, netilmicin and tobramycin (<4%); 11% was resistant to streptomycin. No glycopeptide-resistant enterococci were observed. Resistance rates of bacteria isolated from farm samples were higher than those of the retail markets whenever significant differences were observed. This suggests that expressing resistance is at the expense of bacterial viability, since vegetables purchased directly at the farm are probably fresher than at the supermarket, and they have not been exposed to stress factors. However, this should not keep the customer from buying directly at the farm, since the overall resistance rates were not higher than observed in bacteria from human or animal origin. Instead, peeling or washing vegetables before eating them raw is highly recommended, since it reduces not only the risk of contact with pathogens, but also that of ingesting and spreading antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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