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Schweitzer C, Garrido M, Paredes R, Stoore C, Reyes M, Bologna-Molina R, Fernández A, Hernández Rios M. Localization of interleukin-6 signaling complex in epithelialized apical lesions of endodontic origin. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:4075-4083. [PMID: 33411000 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the immunolocalization patterns of the interleukin (IL)-6 signaling complex in epithelialized and non-epithelialized apical lesions of endodontic origin (ALEOs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Epithelialized (n = 8) and non-epithelialized (n = 7) ALEOs were obtained from teeth with indication of extraction in patients with clinical diagnosis of apical periodontitis. All tissues were subjected to routine processing for histopathologic examination and primary antibodies for IL-6, IL-6 receptor (R), and glycoprotein (gp)-130 were used for immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence co-localization. RESULTS IL-6, IL-6R, and gp-130 were immunolocalized in endothelial cells and mononuclear leukocytes in a diffuse pattern within the connective tissue of epithelialized and non-epithelialized ALEOs. In the epithelialized lesions, two different patterns were identified: IL-6 signaling complex was localized within the proliferating epithelium in a diffuse intracellular pattern and in a cell membrane localization pattern within the mature epithelial lining, showing a decreased intensity towards the surface layers. CONCLUSIONS IL-6, IL-6R, and gp-130 localized to mononuclear inflammatory cells, vascular endothelial cells, and immature proliferating epithelia in a diffuse pattern and in mature lining epithelia in a localized cell membrane pattern, supporting a role for epithelial proliferation during cyst formation. Additional cell membrane co-localization of IL-6 receptor complex suggests classic signaling involvement in addition to trans-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schweitzer
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Garrido
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Paredes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 440, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Stoore
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 440, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Reyes
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Bologna-Molina
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de la República, General las Heras 1925, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Fernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 440, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández Rios
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile.
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Independencia, 8380000, Santiago, Chile.
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Wolf J, Rose-John S, Garbers C. Interleukin-6 and its receptors: a highly regulated and dynamic system. Cytokine 2014; 70:11-20. [PMID: 24986424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine with well-defined pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Although only small amounts in the picogram range can be detected in healthy humans, IL-6 expression is highly and transiently up-regulated in nearly all pathophysiological states. IL-6 induces intracellular signaling pathways after binding to its membrane-bound receptor (IL-6R), which is only expressed on hepatocytes and certain subpopulations of leukocytes (classic signaling). Transduction of the signal is mediated by the membrane-bound β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130). In a second pathway, named trans-signaling, IL-6 binds to soluble forms of the IL-6R (sIL-6R), and this agonistic IL-6/sIL-6R complexes can in principle activate all cells due to the uniform expression of gp130. Importantly, several soluble forms of gp130 (sgp130) are found in the human blood, which are considered to be the natural inhibitors of IL-6 trans-signaling. Most pro-inflammatory roles of IL-6 have been attributed to the trans-signaling pathway, whereas anti-inflammatory and regenerative signaling, including the anti-bacterial acute phase response of the liver, is mediated by IL-6 classic signaling. In this simplistic view, only a minority of cell types expresses the IL-6R and is therefore responsive for IL-6 classic signaling, whereas gp130 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the human body. However, several reports point towards a much more complex situation. A plethora of factors, including proteases, cytokines, chemical drugs, and intracellular signaling pathways, are able to modulate the cellular expression of the membrane-bound and soluble forms of IL-6R and gp130. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms that control and regulate the dynamic expression of IL-6 and its two receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany.
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Zuliani G, Galvani M, Maggio M, Volpato S, Bandinelli S, Corsi AM, Lauretani F, Cherubini A, Guralnik JM, Fellin R, Ferrucci L. Plasma soluble gp130 levels are increased in older subjects with metabolic syndrome. The role of insulin resistance. Atherosclerosis 2011; 213:319-24. [PMID: 20869059 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased interleukin-6 plasma levels have been reported in metabolic syndrome (MS); nevertheless, it is unclear whether interleukin-6 activity is exerted through direct signalling only or also through the "trans-signalling". This issue is important to clarify since signalling and "trans-signalling" affect different tissues. We investigated the relationship between MS and the interleukin-6 system in an older population. METHODS Data from 997 older community dwelling individuals (age ≥ 65 years; females: 56.2%) enrolled the InChianti study were analysed. Interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6r), and soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) were measured on plasma by ELISA. MS was defined by the NCEP ATP III criteria; 309 individuals (31%) resulted affected by MS. RESULTS Subjects with MS had higher interleukin-6 and sgp130 levels compared to controls; a trend toward higher levels of sIL-6R was also observed. The risk of having MS was increased in individuals with high sIL-6r or/and sgp130 levels, independent of age, gender, and interleukin-6 levels. Elevated sgp130 levels were associated with higher plasma glucose, HOMA, triglycerides, and with diabetes both in subjects with and without MS. Although the risk of high sgp130 levels was generally associated with MS (O.R.: 1.77, 95%C.I.: 1.39-2.25), this excess of risk was not present in MS phenotypes excluding the criteria "elevated glucose" or "elevated triglycerides". Furthermore, the association between sgp130 and MS disappeared after adjustment for HOMA. CONCLUSIONS We found that older individuals with MS have increased sgp130 plasma levels compared with controls; nevertheless, our data suggest that this association might be mediated by insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Gerontology & Geriatrics, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola no 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Jablonska E, Marcinczyk M. TLR2 expression in relation to IL-6 and IL-1beta and their natural regulators production by PMN and PBMC in patients with Lyme disease. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:32071. [PMID: 16864901 PMCID: PMC1570395 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/32071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that TLR2 on macrophages plays a unique role in the inflammatory response and host defense to infection with Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) which is an etiologic agent of Lyme disease. Experimental studies show that PMNs also play an essential role in infection control by Bb. However, there is no available data about TLR2 expression on PMN in the course of Lyme disease. In the present study, TLR2 expression and production of IL-1beta and IL-6 as well as their natural regulators (sIL-1RII, IL-1Ra and sIL-6Ralpha, sgp130, resp) by PMN of peripheral blood in patients with Lyme disease were examined. For the purpose of comparison, the same activity of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was estimated. An effect of rhIL-15 on TLR2 and cytokine secretion was also studied. Increased TLR2 expression in unstimulated neutrophils suggests an important role of these cells in mechanism recognition of B burgdorferi in patients with Lyme disease. The relationship between IL-1beta and IL-6 as well as their regulators by unstimulated PMN and PBMC, observed in the present study, may lead to enhanced IL-6- and to inhibition of IL-1beta-mediated reactions in this patient group. Changes in the TLR2 expression after rhIL-15 stimulation appear to have a favorable effect on mechanism recognition of Bb. The relations between IL-6 and its regulators (sIL-6Ralpha and sgp130) as well as between IL-1beta and its regulators (IL-1Ra and sIL-1RII) after rhIL-15 stimulation may lead to enhanced IL-1beta- and IL-6-mediated inflammatory reactions in the course of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jablonska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Wyszynskiego 15A, 15274 Bialystok, Poland
- *Ewa Jablonska:
| | - Magdalena Marcinczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Wyszynskiego 15A, 15274 Bialystok, Poland
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