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Moitzi AM, Krššák M, Klepochova R, Triska C, Csapo R, König D. Effects of a 10-Week Exercise and Nutritional Intervention with Variable Dietary Carbohydrates and Glycaemic Indices on Substrate Metabolism, Glycogen Storage, and Endurance Performance in Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:36. [PMID: 38600291 PMCID: PMC11006643 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily nutrition plays an important role in supporting training adaptions and endurance performance. The objective of this 10-week study was to investigate the consequences of varying carbohydrate consumption and the glycaemic index (GI) together with an endurance training regimen on substrate oxidation, muscle energy storage and endurance performance under free-living conditions. Sixty-five moderately trained healthy men (29 ± 4 years; VO2 peak 55 ± 8 mL min-1 kg-1) were randomized to one of three different nutritional regimes (LOW-GI: 50-60% CHO with ≥ 65% of these CHO with GI < 50 per day, n = 24; HIGH-GI: 50-60% CHO with ≥ 65% CHO with GI > 70 per day, n = 20; LCHF: ≤ 50 g CHO daily, n = 21). Metabolic alterations and performance were assessed at baseline (T0) and after 10 weeks (T10) during a graded exercise treadmill test. Additionally, a 5 km time trial on a 400-m outdoor track was performed and muscle glycogen was measured by magnet resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Total fat oxidation expressed as area under the curve (AUC) during the graded exercise test increased in LCHF (1.3 ± 2.4 g min-1 × km h-1, p < 0.001), remained unchanged in LOW-GI (p > 0.05) and decreased in HIGH-GI (- 1.7 ± 1.5 g min-1 × km h-1, p < 0.001). After the intervention, LOW-GI (- 0.4 ± 0.5 mmol L-1 × km h-1, p < 0.001) and LCHF (- 0.8 ± 0.7 mmol L-1 × km h-1, p < 0.001) showed significantly lower AUC of blood lactate concentrations. Peak running speed increased in LOW-GI (T0: 4.3 ± 0.4 vs. T10: 4.5 ± 0.3 m s-1, p < 0.001) and HIGH-GI (T0: 4.4 ± 0.5 vs. T10: 4.6 ± 0.4 m s-1), while no improvement was observed in LCHF. Yet, time trial performance improved significantly in all groups. Muscle glycogen content increased for participants in HIGH-GI (T0: 97.3 ± 18.5 vs. T10: 144.5 ± 39.8 mmol L wet-tissue-1, p = 0.027) and remained unchanged in the LOW-GI and the LCHF group. At the last examination, muscle glycogen concentration was significantly higher in LOW-GI compared to LCHF (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION Changes in fat oxidation were only present in LCHF, however, lower lactate concentrations in LOW-GI resulted in changes indicating an improved substrate metabolism. Compared to a LCHF diet, changes in peak running speed, and muscle glycogen stores were superior in LOW- and HIGH-GI diets. The low GI diet seems to have an influence on substrate metabolism without compromising performance at higher intensities, suggesting that a high-carbohydrate diet with a low GI is a viable alternative to a LCHF or a high GI diet. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials, NCT05241730. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05241730 . Registered 25 January 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Moitzi
- Division of Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Division of Nurtition, Exercise and Health, Department of Sport and Human Movement Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Krššák
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, High Field MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Radka Klepochova
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, High Field MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Triska
- Leistungssport Austria, High Performance Centre, Brunn am Gebirge, Lower Austria, Austria
- Division of Training Science, Department of Sport and Human Movement Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Csapo
- Division of Training Science, Department of Sport and Human Movement Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel König
- Division of Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nurtition, Exercise and Health, Department of Sport and Human Movement Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Moitzi AM, König D. Longer-Term Effects of the Glycaemic Index on Substrate Metabolism and Performance in Endurance Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:3028. [PMID: 37447354 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition has a decisive influence on athletic performance. However, it is not only the nutrient intake during exercise that is important, but the daily diet must also be adapted to the requirements of physical activity in order to optimally promote training adaptations. The goal of prolonged endurance training is to enhance fat oxidation, to maintain aerobic performance at a higher intensity while sparing limited carbohydrate stores. The targeted modification of macronutrient intake is a common method of influencing substrate metabolism, fuel selection, and performance. However, it is not well established whether the glycaemic index of carbohydrates in our daily diet can improve endurance performance by influencing carbohydrate or fat oxidation during training. Therefore, the aim of the following review is to elucidate the possible influence of the glycaemic index on substrate utilization during exercise and to clarify whether the consumption of a long-term high-carbohydrate diet with different glycaemic indices may have an influence on substrate metabolism and endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Moitzi
- Division for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel König
- Division for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Department of Sport Science, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria
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Zdzieblik D, Friesenborg H, Gollhofer A, König D. A high carbohydrate diet with a low glycaemic index improves training effects in male endurance athletes. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:965-972. [PMID: 35758204 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of a 4-week high fat low carbohydrate (HFLC-G) versus high carbohydrate low glycaemic (LGI-G) or high glycaemic (HGI-G) diet on power output at lactate thresholds, peak oxygen uptake and peak performance during an incremental cycle test in 28 male endurance athletes. All participants showed improved levels of power output at the lactate thresholds with a more pronounced effect in the HFLC-G and LGI-G. In the HFLC-G peak performance (-11.6 ± 16.3 W) decreased, while in the LGI-G (9.20 ± 13.8 W) and HGI-G (9.89 ± 12.8 W) peak performance increased (p = 0.009). In summary, the LGI-G showed comparable training adaptations as the HFLC-G at submaximal intensities without limiting the ability to perform at high intensities. Compared to a HFLC and HGI diet, the LGI diet in this study seemed to be advantageous during submaximal and high intensities resulting from an improved metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Zdzieblik
- Department for Nutrition, Institute for Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hilke Friesenborg
- Department for Nutrition, Institute for Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department for Nutrition, Institute for Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zdzieblik D, Friesenborg H, Gollhofer A, König D. Effect of a High Fat Diet vs. High Carbohydrate Diets With Different Glycemic Indices on Metabolic Parameters in Male Endurance Athletes: A Pilot Trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:802374. [PMID: 35479739 PMCID: PMC9037589 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.802374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming low glycemic carbohydrates leads to an increased muscle fat utilization and preservation of intramuscular glycogen, which is associated with improved flexibility to metabolize either carbohydrates or fats during endurance exercise. The purpose of this trial was to investigate the effect of a 4-week high fat low carbohydrate (HFLC-G: ≥65% high glycemic carbohydrates per day; n = 9) vs. high carbohydrate low glycemic (LGI-G: ≥65% low glycemic carbohydrates daily; n = 10) or high glycemic (HGI-G: ≥65% fat, ≤ 50 g carbohydrates daily; n = 9) diet on fat and carbohydrate metabolism at rest and during exercise in 28 male athletes. Changes in metabolic parameters under resting conditions and during cycle ergometry (submaximal and with incremental workload) from pre- to post-intervention were determined by lactate diagnostics and measurements of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Additionally, body composition and perceptual responses to the diets [visual analog scale (VAS)] were measured. A significance level of α = 0.05 was considered. HFLC-G was associated with markedly decreased lactate concentrations during the submaximal (−0.553 ± 0.783 mmol/l, p = 0.067) and incremental cycle test [−5.00 ± 5.71 (mmol/l) × min; p = 0.030] and reduced RER values at rest (−0.058 ± 0.108; p = 0.146) during the submaximal (−0.078 ± 0.046; p = 0.001) and incremental cycle test (−1.64 ± 0.700 RER × minutes; p < 0.001). In the HFLC-G, fat mass (p < 0.001) decreased. In LGI-G lactate, concentrations decreased in the incremental cycle test [−6.56 ± 6.65 (mmol/l) × min; p = 0.012]. In the LGI-G, fat mass (p < 0.01) and VAS values decreased, indicating improved levels of gastrointestinal conditions and perception of effort during training. The main findings in the HGI-G were increased RER (0.047 ± 0.076; p = 0.117) and lactate concentrations (0.170 ± 0.206 mmol/l, p = 0.038) at rest. Although the impact on fat oxidation in the LGI-G was not as pronounced as following the HFLC diet, the adaptations in the LGI-G were consistent with an improved metabolic flexibility and additional benefits regarding exercise performance in male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Zdzieblik
- Department for Nutrition, Institute for Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hilke Friesenborg
- Department for Nutrition, Institute for Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department for Nutrition, Institute for Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Department for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Główka N, Ziobrowska A, Podgórski T. Is a Four-Week Ketogenic Diet an Effective Nutritional Strategy in CrossFit-Trained Female and Male Athletes? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030864. [PMID: 33800770 PMCID: PMC8001376 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This single-arm interventional study examined the effect of a 4-week ketogenic diet (KD) on aerobic capacity and discipline-specific performance in female (n = 11) and male (n = 11) CrossFit-trained athletes. The participants performed incremental cycling (ICT) and Fight Gone Bad (FGB) tests after consuming a customary diet and a KD. Pre- and post-ICT exercise blood samples were also analysed. Consuming a KD had a slight impact on aerobic capacity and no relevant effect on CrossFit-specific performance. In females, consuming a KD led to an 10.4% decrease in peak oxygen uptake during the ICT (p = 0.027) and resulted in certain alterations in haematological parameters (haemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular HGB, and mean corpuscular HGB concentration). Furthermore, in males, alanine aminotransferase activity increased with a simultaneous improvement in the post-ICT blood acid–base balance after consuming a KD. The pre-exercise bilirubin concentration was also elevated in the entire group after consuming a KD. In conclusion, female CrossFit-trained athletes seem to be prone to aerobic performance decrements and increased risk of developing haematological disturbances when consuming a KD. In males who consumed a KD, there was an undesirable alanine aminotransferase elevation and a small tendency towards improved acid–base status. Moreover, consuming a KD had no effect on discipline-specific performance in CrossFit-trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.N.); (N.G.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.N.); (N.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Natalia Główka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.N.); (N.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anna Ziobrowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.N.); (N.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
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de la Iglesia R, Espinosa-Salinas I, Lopez-Silvarrey FJ, Ramos-Alvarez JJ, Segovia JC, Colmenarejo G, Borregon-Rivilla E, Marcos-Pasero H, Aguilar-Aguilar E, Loria-Kohen V, Reglero G, Ramirez-de Molina A. A Potential Endurance Algorithm Prediction in the Field of Sports Performance. Front Genet 2020; 11:711. [PMID: 32849773 PMCID: PMC7431952 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport performance is influenced by several factors, including genetic susceptibility. In the past years, specific single nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated to sport performance; however, these effects should be considered in multivariable prediction systems since they are related to a polygenic inheritance. The aim of this study was to design a genetic endurance prediction score (GES) of endurance performance and analyze its association with anthropometric, nutritional and sport efficiency variables in a cross-sectional study within fifteen male cyclists. A statistically significant positive relationship between GES and the VO2 maximum (P = 0.033), VO2 VT1 (P = 0.049) and VO2 VT2 (P < 0.001) was observed. Moreover, additional remarkable associations between genotype and the anthropometric, nutritional and sport performance variables, were achieved. In addition, an interesting link between the habit of consuming caffeinated beverages and the GES was observed. The outcomes of the present study indicate a potential use of this genetic prediction algorithm in the sports' field, which may facilitate the finding of genetically talented athletes, improve their training and food habits, as well as help in the improvement of physical conditions of amateurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio de la Iglesia
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Isabel Espinosa-Salinas
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Lopez-Silvarrey
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain.,Sannus Clinic, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Jose Ramos-Alvarez
- Departamento de Radiología, Rehabilitación y Fisioterapia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Segovia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain.,Sannus Clinic, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, IMDEA Food CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Borregon-Rivilla
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Marcos-Pasero
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Aguilar-Aguilar
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Loria-Kohen
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramirez-de Molina
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Siedzik K. Effect of a four-week ketogenic diet on exercise metabolism in CrossFit-trained athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:16. [PMID: 30953522 PMCID: PMC6451242 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketogenic diet is becoming a popular nutritional model among athletes. However, the relationship between its use and metabolism during exercise seems to have not been fully investigated. METHODS The aim of the study was to assess the effects of a four-week ketogenic diet (KD) on fat and carbohydrate (CHO) utilization during an incremental cycling test (ICT) in CrossFit-trained female (n = 11) and male (n = 11) athletes. During the ICT (while consuming the customary diet and after the KD), oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide exhalation were registered, and CHO and fat utilization as well as energy expenditure were calculated. RESULTS In males, the KD led to an increase in fat utilization (g·min- 1·kgFFM- 1 and % oxidation). It was particularly noticeable at exercise intensities up to 80% of VO2max. An increase in the area under the curve (AUC) was seen in males but not in females at up to ≤65% VO2max of fat utilization. CONCLUSIONS Male CrossFit-trained athletes seem to be more prone to shifts in macronutrient utilization (in favor of fat utilization) during submaximal intensity exercise under a ketogenic diet than are female athletes. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials Gov, NCT03665948 . Registered 11 September 2018 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siedzik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
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