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Khalil M, Piccapane F, Vacca M, Celano G, Mahdi L, Perniola V, Apa CA, Annunziato A, Iacobellis I, Procino G, Calasso M, De Angelis M, Caroppo R, Portincasa P. Nutritional and Physiological Properties of Thymbra spicata: In Vitro Study Using Fecal Fermentation and Intestinal Integrity Models. Nutrients 2024; 16:588. [PMID: 38474717 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
(Poly)phenolic-rich Mediterranean plants such as Thymbra spicata have been associated with several health-promoting effects. The nutritional value, as well as physiological interaction of T. spicata with the gastrointestinal tract, has not been investigated before. The nutritional composition of T. spicata leaves was here characterized by standard analytical methods. T. spicata leaves were subjected to ethanolic extraction, simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and anaerobic microbial gut fermentation. Phenols/flavonoid contents and radical scavenging activity were assessed by colorimetric methods. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The effect on intestinal integrity was evaluated using a Caco-2 monolayers mounted in a Ussing chamber. T. spicata contains a high amount of fiber (12.3%) and unsaturated fatty acids (76% of total fat). A positive change in VOCs including short-chain fatty acids was observed without significant change in viable microbe. T. spicata and carvacrol (main phenolic compound) enhanced ionic currents in a concentration-dependent manner without compromising the Caco-2 monolayer's integrity. These effects were partially lost upon simulated digestion and completely abolished after colonic fermentation in line with polyphenols and carvacrol content. Conclusion: T. spicata represents a promising nutrient for the modulation of gut microbiota and the gut barrier. Further studies must better define its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Piccapane
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mirco Vacca
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Mahdi
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Perniola
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Aurora Apa
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Annunziato
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iacobellis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procino
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Calasso
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Caroppo
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Rodopaios NE, Poulios E, Papadopoulou SK, Alexatou O, Koulouri AA, Kafatos AG, Papaliagkas V, Psara E, Giannakoula A, Tsourouflis G, Antasouras G, Giaginis C. Association of Christian Orthodox Fasting with Sociodemographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors and Serum Biochemical Indices: A Cross-Sectional Study on Patients with Metabolic Diseases. Metabolites 2024; 14:67. [PMID: 38276302 PMCID: PMC10821505 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Christian Orthodox fasting, a type of time-restricted diet, which presents some similarities to the Mediterranean Diet, also including certain similarities with periodic vegetarianism or other time-restricted diets (e.g., intermittent diet and Ramadan fasting), may cumulatively be related to the same or even better beneficial healthy effects as these well-recognized dietary patterns. The present study aimed to explore the potential beneficial impact of Christian Orthodox fasting in patients with metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus type 2, excessive obesity, hypothyroidism and osteoporosis. This was a cross-sectional study, including 135 patients with metabolic disorders (67 fasters and 68 non-fasters). The enrolled fasters had adapted Christian Orthodox fasting recommendations for at least twelve consecutive years or even from childhood. Relevant questionnaires were used to record sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle data of the study population through face-to-face interviews between the enrolled individuals and qualified personnel during a non-fasting period. Christian Orthodox fasting patients showed a significantly and independently lower prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity, which is highly associated with cardiometabolic disease risks, as well as a significantly and independently lower incidence of hypertension, including separately lower systolic and diastolic pressure, than non-fasting patients. Fasters also had a significantly and independently increased prevalence of an advanced educational level and no smoking history, as well as a lower incidence of sedentary behavior, and a trend of a correlation with reduced c-reactive protein (CRP), an indicator of inflammation, compared to non-fasters. Fasters also exhibited higher serum albumin and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, as well as lower glucose levels, than non-fasters. This is one of the few cross-sectional studies demonstrating that Christian Orthodox fasting may promote metabolic health by improving several aspects of metabolic disorders, being associated with specific sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors. Further studies conducted on larger sample sizes from different countries and different ethnicities that include Christian Orthodox fasters are recommended to evaluate the impact of long-term religious fasting effects on human health, either as a preventative factor reducing the risk of chronic diseases and especially cardiometabolic disorders or as a nutritional intervention to ameliorate symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos E. Rodopaios
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.E.R.); (A.-A.K.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Efthymios Poulios
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Olga Alexatou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Alexandra-Aikaterini Koulouri
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.E.R.); (A.-A.K.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Anthony G. Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.E.R.); (A.-A.K.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Evmorfia Psara
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Anastasia Giannakoula
- Department of Agriculture, International Hellenic University, Sindos, 54700 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- Second Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Antasouras
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
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D’Elia L, Strazzullo P. Dietary Salt Restriction and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: A Single Way to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk? J Clin Med 2024; 13:486. [PMID: 38256620 PMCID: PMC10816989 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The dietary restriction of salt intake and the adhesion to Mediterranean dietary patterns are among the most recommended lifestyle modifications for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. A large amount of evidence supports these recommendations; indeed, several studies show that a higher adherence to Mediterranean dietary patterns is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Likewise, findings from observational and clinical studies suggest a causal role of excess salt intake in blood pressure increase, cardiovascular organ damage, and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, it is also conceivable that the beneficial effects of these two dietary patterns overlap because Mediterranean dietary patterns are typically characterized by a large consumption of plant-based foods with low sodium content. However, there is little data on this issue, and heterogeneous results are available on the relationship between adherence to salt restriction and to Mediterranean dietary patterns. Thus, this short review focuses on the epidemiological and clinical evidence of the relationship between the adherence to Mediterranean dietary patterns and dietary salt restriction in the context of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples Medical School, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Currenti W, Losavio F, Quiete S, Alanazi AM, Messina G, Polito R, Ciolli F, Zappalà RS, Galvano F, Cincione RI. Comparative Evaluation of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet and a Mediterranean Diet in Overweight/Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 16-Week Intervention Study. Nutrients 2023; 16:95. [PMID: 38201924 PMCID: PMC10781045 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity has been steadily increasing over the past four decades, with projections indicating a significant rise in the number of affected individuals by 2045. Therapeutic interventions in T2DM aim to control blood glucose levels and reduce the risk of complications. Dietary and lifestyle modifications play a crucial role in the management of T2DM and obesity. While conventional medical nutritional therapy (MNT) often promotes a high-carbohydrate, low-fat Mediterranean diet as an elective treatment, low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs), specifically those restricting carbohydrate intake to less than 130 g/day, have gained popularity due to their multifaceted benefits. Scientific research supports the efficacy of LCDs in improving glycemic control, weight loss, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and overall quality of life. However, sustaining these benefits over the long term remains challenging. This trial aimed to compare the effects of a Mediterranean diet vs. a low-carbohydrate diet (carbohydrate intake < 130 g/day) on overweight/obese patients with T2DM over a 16-week period. The study will evaluate the differential effects of these diets on glycemic regulation, weight reduction, lipid profile, and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS The study population comprises 100 overweight/obese patients with poorly controlled T2DM. Anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance analysis, and blood chemistry assessments will be conducted at baseline and after the 16-week intervention period. Both dietary interventions were hypocaloric, with a focus on maintaining a 500 kcal/day energy deficit. RESULTS After 16 weeks, both diets had positive effects on various parameters, including weight loss, blood pressure, glucose control, lipid profile, and renal function. However, the low-carbohydrate diet appears to result in a greater reduction in BMI, blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose levels, lipid profiles, cardiovascular risk, renal markers, and overall metabolic parameters compared to the Mediterranean diet at the 16-week follow up. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a low-carbohydrate diet may be more effective than a Mediterranean diet in promoting weight loss and improving various metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight/obese patients with T2DM. However, it is important to note that further research is needed to understand the clinical implications and long-term sustainability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Currenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Francesca Losavio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (F.L.); (G.M.); (R.P.); (F.C.); (R.I.C.)
| | - Stefano Quiete
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (F.L.); (G.M.); (R.P.); (F.C.); (R.I.C.)
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (F.L.); (G.M.); (R.P.); (F.C.); (R.I.C.)
| | - Fabiana Ciolli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (F.L.); (G.M.); (R.P.); (F.C.); (R.I.C.)
| | - Raffaela Simona Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Ivan Cincione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (F.L.); (G.M.); (R.P.); (F.C.); (R.I.C.)
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Pavlidou E, Papadopoulou SK, Alexatou O, Voulgaridou G, Mentzelou M, Biskanaki F, Psara E, Tsourouflis G, Lefantzis N, Dimoliani S, Apostolou T, Sampani A, Chatziprodromidou IP, Angelakou EP, Giaginis C. Childhood Mediterranean Diet Adherence Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Childhood Obesity, Specific Sociodemographic, and Lifestyle Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pre-School Children. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2023; 5:11-28. [PMID: 38247997 PMCID: PMC10801514 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been related with a decreased probability of overweight/obesity as well as central obesity at all stages of the human life, decreasing the risk of diverse disease states and improving quality of life. Over the last few years, the prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity and especially abdominal obesity has highly increased worldwide, being associated with a higher likelihood of overweight/obesity as well as central obesity at the next stages of the life during adulthood. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship of MD compliance with sociodemographic, anthropometry and lifestyle features in pre-school children aged 2-5 years old. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study, which includes 5188 pre-school children from diverse regions of Greece. Relevant questionnaires were applied to evaluate the sociodemographic features of the enrolled children. Anthropometric parameters were measured by relevant techniques. Qualified questionnaires were utilized for assessing several lifestyle factors such as physical activity, quality of life, breastfeeding practices, MD adherence, as well as the prevalence of childhood asthma and diabetes mellitus type I. RESULTS Of the enrolled children, 41.7% showed low MD compliance and 36.4% of them indicated moderated compliance, while only 21.9% of them showed a high MD adherence. Overweight/obesity was noted in 24.2% of the assigned children, while abdominal obesity was noticed in 18.2% of them. Higher MD compliance was related with an elevated prevalence of sex (boys, p = 0.0005), Greek nationality (p = 0.0088), rural type of residence (p = 0.0099), childhood overweight/obesity (p < 0.0001) and abdominal obesity (p < 0.0001), lower childbirth weight (p < 0.0001), increased physical activity (p = 0.0041), improved quality of life (p = 0.0008), exclusive breastfeeding (p < 0.0001), childhood asthma (p = 0.0001) and diabetes mellitus type 1 (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS A higher MD adherence is associated with specific sociodemographic, better anthropometric, and beneficial lifestyle factors in pre-school children. However, MD compliance remains low or moderate in the vast majority of children aged 2-5 years old. Thus, future public strategies and policies should be performed to inform parents of the potential beneficial effects of MD against obesity and related chronic diseases at the next stage of their children's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pavlidou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (S.D.); (E.-P.A.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Olga Alexatou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (S.D.); (E.-P.A.)
| | - Gavriela Voulgaridou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Maria Mentzelou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (S.D.); (E.-P.A.)
| | | | - Evmorfia Psara
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (S.D.); (E.-P.A.)
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikos Lefantzis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Sophia Dimoliani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (S.D.); (E.-P.A.)
| | - Thomas Apostolou
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anastasia Sampani
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Exakousti-Petroula Angelakou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (S.D.); (E.-P.A.)
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (S.D.); (E.-P.A.)
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Pavlidou E, Papadopoulou SK, Fasoulas A, Papaliagkas V, Alexatou O, Chatzidimitriou M, Mentzelou M, Giaginis C. Diabesity and Dietary Interventions: Evaluating the Impact of Mediterranean Diet and Other Types of Diets on Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Management. Nutrients 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 38201865 PMCID: PMC10780530 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabesity, the intersection of obesity and diabetes, presents a global health crisis with profound implications. Addressing diabesity requires multifaceted strategies, with diet playing a pivotal role. Over the last 15 years, clinical studies have intensified their exploration of various dietary approaches in diabesity management. This literature review aims to synthesize findings from clinical studies conducted in the last 15 years, shedding light on the efficacy, mechanisms, and nuances of different diet types in diabesity management with special focus on the Mediterranean diet (MD). METHODS Thorough research of academic databases yielded a collection of relevant clinical studies. These studies encompassed a range of dietary strategies, including the MD, low-carbohydrate diets, plant-based diets, high-protein diets, low-fat regimens, and intermittent fasting. Key findings, methodologies, and outcomes were thoroughly extracted and analyzed. RESULTS The last 15 years have witnessed considerable improvements in recognizing the role of human nutritional habits in diabesity management. The MD appears to be the most well-recognized diet, exerting favorable effects against both obesity and diabetes. Low-carbohydrate diets were found to enhance glycemic regulation and decrease insulin resistance. Plant-based diets demonstrated potential benefits in weight management and cardiometabolic health. High-protein, low-fat dietary models exhibited positive effects on satiety and body weight decline. Intermittent fasting regimens also exerted metabolic improvements and body weight decline. Personalization emerged as a crucial factor in dietary recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Clinical studies from the last 15 years underscore the intricate relationship between diet types and diabesity management. The above results contribute to an increasing body of evidence, emphasizing the need for tailored dietary approaches and especially the MD. Healthcare providers can utilize this knowledge to offer personalized dietary recommendations for individuals with diabesity, potentially curbing the rise of these twin epidemics and improving the well-being of affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pavlidou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (A.F.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Fasoulas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (A.F.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Olga Alexatou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (A.F.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Maria Chatzidimitriou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Mentzelou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (A.F.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (A.F.); (O.A.); (M.M.); (C.G.)
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