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Komariyah D, Inoue K, Suyama N, Buwana C, Ito Y. The acceptance of the potential use of social robots for children with autism spectrum disorder by Indonesian occupational therapists: a mixed methods study. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39034858 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2024.2378946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social robots have shown positive effects in treating children with autism spectrum disorder. The development of social robots in Indonesia has enabled their potential use in occupational therapy. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the acceptance of the potential use of social robots by Indonesian occupational therapists in clinical practice. METHODS This study employed a mixed methods explanatory sequential design. An adapted unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model was utilised for the quantitative phase. The questionnaire explored the acceptance of social robots. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews with reflexive thematic analysis were conducted. The second phase aimed to explain the reasons behind the quantitative results and factors related to the acceptance of social robots in therapy. RESULTS Occupational therapists showed high interest in using social robots in their sessions, as indicated by the significant positive relationship between performance expectancy and potential use. Three influential factors affecting acceptance emerged in the qualitative phase: occupational therapists' characteristics and competencies, social robots and occupational therapy interventions, and environmental influence. CONCLUSIONS Indonesian occupational therapists have shown interest in using social robots. However, there are challenges regarding the practical application of social robots concerning individual differences in the factors that influence acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Komariyah
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Arakawa City, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Arakawa City, Japan
| | - Natsuka Suyama
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Arakawa City, Japan
| | - Cahya Buwana
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Arakawa City, Japan
| | - Yuko Ito
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Arakawa City, Japan
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Piccolo A, De Domenico C, Di Cara M, Settimo C, Corallo F, Leonardi S, Impallomeni C, Tripodi E, Quartarone A, Cucinotta F. Parental involvement in robot-mediated intervention: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1355901. [PMID: 39049952 PMCID: PMC11267593 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1355901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over the years, the conceptual approach to pediatric rehabilitation has reevaluated the parent's role in the therapeutic process, considering parental involvement as a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the intervention. In the field of pediatric intervention, the therapeutic use of robots represents a growing clinical interest, but the feasibility and applicability of these robotic interventions, including those involving parents, remain unclear. This systematic review aims to investigate parental involvement in robot-mediated interventions (RMI) for children and adolescents in the current literature. Our main goal is to analyze and summarize all existing studies to discuss and draw future research directions and implications for clinical practice. Method After collecting results from 1,106 studies, the studies selected were analyzed using thematic analysis. The literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines by searching databases such as PubMed and Web of Science until 07 February 2023. Studies that met the following inclusion criteria were included: (1) the use of a robot as a therapeutic-rehabilitation tool and (2) the presence/involvement of parents/caregivers in child-robot therapeutic sessions. Results A total of 10 articles were included. The extracted data included study design, participant characteristics, type of robot used, outcome measures, aim, and type of intervention. The results reveal that parental involvement in RMI could be feasible and useful in improving intervention efficacy, particularly in improving the child's social-communicative abilities and the caregiver's educational skills. Discussion RMI intervention with parental participation could be a useful therapeutic strategy in pediatrics. However, to date, few studies have investigated this specific topic, and the reported results may enhance future research to understand its effectiveness in specific areas of use. Systematic review registration identifier: CRD42024553214.
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Amali RJ, Chavan SS. Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain Perception and Fear among Children with Cancer Undergoing IV Cannulation. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:909-914. [PMID: 38249694 PMCID: PMC10795885 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_988_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer children are subjected to multiple cannulations during hospitalization. Pain and fear are most common during invasive procedures that are performed, especially IV cannulation, which can lead to worry. Exactly 25% of children are reported to have a fear of needle-related procedures. To examine the impact of virtual reality (VR) distraction on pain perception and fear in children with cancer undergoing IV cannulation. Materials and Methods Using a quasi-experimental design, 80 cancer children with IV cannulation between ages 7-18 were recruited to the intervention and control group (N = 40 + 40) using the purposive sampling technique. The virtual reality distraction device was used 10 min before the peripheral IV cannulation procedure and remained in place until the procedure was completed in the intervention group, and no device was used in the control group. Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and Children's Fear Scale were used to assess the pain and fear of children and their mothers. Result Pain perception was found to be significantly lower in the VR distraction group among both children and mothers (1.82 ± 0.18, 8.01 ± 3.21) 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.82, 2.16] compared to the control group, respectively (P = 0.001**). Fear was found to be significantly lower in the VR distraction group among both children and mothers (0.81 ± 0.71, 3.01 ± 1.42) 95% CI [0.46, 0.91]. A strong positive correlation was found between children's and mothers' pain perception (r = 0.91, P = 0.001**) and fear (r = 0.84, P = 0.001**). Conclusion VR distraction can be used as an effective device in pain and fear management among children undergoing IV cannulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jensi Amali
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Father Muller College of Nursing, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Department of Pediatric Nursing, Father Muller College of Nursing, Mangalore, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema S. Chavan
- Associate Professor, College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Amirova A, Rakhymbayeva N, Zhanatkyzy A, Telisheva Z, Sandygulova A. Effects of Parental Involvement in Robot-Assisted Autism Therapy. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:438-455. [PMID: 35088233 PMCID: PMC9889445 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Parental involvement in traditional autism therapy is key to the effective treatment of children with ASD. Little is known about parental involvement in robot-assisted autism therapy (RAAT)-novel therapeutic support for children with ASD. Our study investigates the effect of parental presence on multiple-session RAAT conducted with 16 children with ASD. They interacted with the social robot in the presence or absence of their parents. We measured children's socio-behavioral outcomes and conducted semi-structured interviews with parents. Parents did not necessarily affect the children's outcomes during the interventions. However, children's autism-related symptoms resulted in different socio-behavioral outcomes between sessions with and without parents. Most parents have reported positive changes in their children's behaviors when interacting with the robot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Amirova
- Graduate School of Education, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Nazerke Rakhymbayeva
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Aida Zhanatkyzy
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Zhansaule Telisheva
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Anara Sandygulova
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan
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The Effect of Robot-Led Distraction during Needle Procedures on Pain-Related Memory Bias in Children with Chronic Diseases: A Pilot and Feasibility Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9111762. [PMID: 36421211 PMCID: PMC9688830 DOI: 10.3390/children9111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary clinical impact of robot-led distraction during needle procedures in children with chronic diseases on pain-related memories. Participants were 22 children (8−12 years old) diagnosed with a chronic disease (e.g., chronic immune deficiency) and undergoing a needle procedure as part of their routine treatment. Children were randomized to the experimental group (i.e., robot-led distraction) or control group (i.e., usual care). For feasibility, we evaluated study- and needle-procedure-related characteristics, intervention fidelity and acceptability, and nurse perceptions of the intervention. Primary clinical outcomes included children’s memory bias for pain intensity and pain-related fear (1 week later). Results indicated that intervention components were >90% successful. Overall, the robot-led distraction intervention was perceived highly acceptable by the children, while nurse perceptions were mixed, indicating several challenges regarding the intervention. Preliminary between-group analyses indicated a medium effect size on memory bias for pain intensity (Hedges’ g = 0.70), but only a very small effect size on memory bias for pain-related fear (Hedges’ g = 0.09), in favor of the robot-led distraction intervention. To summarize, while feasible, certain challenges remain to clinically implement robot-led distraction during needle procedures. Further development of the intervention while accounting for individual child preferences is recommended.
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Xu L, Fields NL, Greer JA, Tamplain PM, Bricout JC, Sharma B, Doelling KL. Socially assistive robotics and older family caregivers of young adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD): A pilot study exploring respite, acceptance, and usefulness. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273479. [PMID: 36095027 PMCID: PMC9467313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
The need for caregiver respite is well-documented for the care of persons with IDD. Social Assistive Robotics (SAR) offer promise in addressing the need for caregiver respite through ‘complementary caregiving’ activities that promote engagement and learning opportunities for a care recipient (CR) with IDD. This study explored the acceptability and usefulness of a SAR caregiver respite program responsive to feedback from both young adults with IDD and their older family caregivers (age 55+).
Method
Young adults with IDD and caregiver dyads (N = 11) were recruited. A mixed methods research design was deployed in three phases: Phase I with four focus groups to inform the program design; Phase II for program demonstration and evaluation with pre- and post-surveys; and Phase III with post-program interviews for feedback and suggestions.
Results
Both young adults with IDD and their caregivers scored favorably the social presence of, social engagement, and satisfaction with robot Pepper. Though there was no significant improvement of caregiving burden/stress as well as well-being of the young adults with IDD based on surveys, results from interviews suggested that the SAR may offer physical/emotional respite to caregivers by providing companionship/friendship as well as promoting independence, safety/monitoring, and interactive engagement with children.
Discussion
SAR has potential in providing respite for older family caregivers. Future studies need a longer program design and larger sample size to develop a promising intervention and test its feasibility and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Noelle L. Fields
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Julienne A. Greer
- College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Priscila M. Tamplain
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - John C. Bricout
- School of Social Work, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Bonita Sharma
- College for Health, Community & Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Doelling
- University of Texas at Arlington Research Institute (UTARI), Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
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Xue X, Yang X, Deng Z, Tu H, Kong D, Li N, Xu F. Global Trends and Hotspots in Research on Rehabilitation Robots: A Bibliometric Analysis From 2010 to 2020. Front Public Health 2022; 9:806723. [PMID: 35087788 PMCID: PMC8788947 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.806723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, with the development of medical science and artificial intelligence, research on rehabilitation robots has gained more and more attention, for nearly 10 years in the Web of Science database by journal of rehabilitation robot-related research literature analysis, to parse and track rehabilitation robot research hotspot and front, and provide some guidance for future research. Methods: This study employed computer retrieval of rehabilitation robot-related research published in the core data collection of the Web of Science database from 2010 to 2020, using CiteSpace 5.7 visualization software. The hotspots and frontiers of rehabilitation robot research are analyzed from the aspects of high-influence countries or regions, institutions, authors, high-frequency keywords, and emergent words. Results: A total of 3,194 articles were included. In recent years, the research on rehabilitation robots has been continuously hot, and the annual publication of relevant literature has shown a trend of steady growth. The United States ranked first with 819 papers, and China ranked second with 603 papers. Northwestern University ranked first with 161 publications. R. Riener, a professor at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, ranked as the first author with 48 articles. The Journal of Neural Engineering and Rehabilitation has the most published research, with 211 publications. In the past 10 years, research has focused on intelligent control, task analysis, and the learning, performance, and reliability of rehabilitation robots to realize the natural and precise interaction between humans and machines. Research on neural rehabilitation robots, brain–computer interface, virtual reality, flexible wearables, task analysis, and exoskeletons has attracted more and more attention. Conclusions: At present, the brain–computer interface, virtual reality, flexible wearables, task analysis, and exoskeleton rehabilitation robots are the research trends and hotspots. Future research should focus on the application of machine learning (ML), dimensionality reduction, and feature engineering technologies in the research and development of rehabilitation robots to improve the speed and accuracy of algorithms. To achieve wide application and commercialization, future rehabilitation robots should also develop toward mass production and low cost. We should pay attention to the functional needs of patients, strengthen multidisciplinary communication and cooperation, and promote rehabilitation robots to better serve the rehabilitation medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Xue
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyi Deng
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Tu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Kong
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Xu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Kaelin VC, Valizadeh M, Salgado Z, Parde N, Khetani MA. Artificial Intelligence in Rehabilitation Targeting the Participation of Children and Youth With Disabilities: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e25745. [PMID: 34734833 PMCID: PMC8603165 DOI: 10.2196/25745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, there has been a rapid increase in research on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve child and youth participation in daily life activities, which is a key rehabilitation outcome. However, existing reviews place variable focus on participation, are narrow in scope, and are restricted to select diagnoses, hindering interpretability regarding the existing scope of AI applications that target the participation of children and youth in a pediatric rehabilitation setting. OBJECTIVE The aim of this scoping review is to examine how AI is integrated into pediatric rehabilitation interventions targeting the participation of children and youth with disabilities or other diagnosed health conditions in valued activities. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search using established Applied Health Sciences and Computer Science databases. Two independent researchers screened and selected the studies based on a systematic procedure. Inclusion criteria were as follows: participation was an explicit study aim or outcome or the targeted focus of the AI application; AI was applied as part of the provided and tested intervention; children or youth with a disability or other diagnosed health conditions were the focus of either the study or AI application or both; and the study was published in English. Data were mapped according to the types of AI, the mode of delivery, the type of personalization, and whether the intervention addressed individual goal-setting. RESULTS The literature search identified 3029 documents, of which 94 met the inclusion criteria. Most of the included studies used multiple applications of AI with the highest prevalence of robotics (72/94, 77%) and human-machine interaction (51/94, 54%). Regarding mode of delivery, most of the included studies described an intervention delivered in-person (84/94, 89%), and only 11% (10/94) were delivered remotely. Most interventions were tailored to groups of individuals (93/94, 99%). Only 1% (1/94) of interventions was tailored to patients' individually reported participation needs, and only one intervention (1/94, 1%) described individual goal-setting as part of their therapy process or intervention planning. CONCLUSIONS There is an increasing amount of research on interventions using AI to target the participation of children and youth with disabilities or other diagnosed health conditions, supporting the potential of using AI in pediatric rehabilitation. On the basis of our results, 3 major gaps for further research and development were identified: a lack of remotely delivered participation-focused interventions using AI; a lack of individual goal-setting integrated in interventions; and a lack of interventions tailored to individually reported participation needs of children, youth, or families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera C Kaelin
- Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Children's Participation in Environment Research Lab, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mina Valizadeh
- Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Natural Language Processing Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zurisadai Salgado
- Children's Participation in Environment Research Lab, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Occupational Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Natalie Parde
- Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Natural Language Processing Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mary A Khetani
- Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Children's Participation in Environment Research Lab, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Occupational Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Gilardi F, De Falco F, Casasanta D, Andellini M, Gazzellini S, Petrarca M, Morocutti A, Lettori D, Ritrovato M, Castelli E, Raponi M, Magnavita N, Zaffina S. Robotic Technology in Pediatric Neurorehabilitation. A Pilot Study of Human Factors in an Italian Pediatric Hospital. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3503. [PMID: 32429562 PMCID: PMC7277142 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of robotic neurorehabilitation among the most recent technologies in pediatrics represents a new opportunity to treat pediatric patients. This study aims at evaluating the response of physiotherapists, patients and their parents to this new technology. The study considered the outcomes of technological innovation in physiotherapists (perception of the workload, satisfaction), as well as that in patients and their parents (quality of life, expectations, satisfaction) by comparing the answers to subjective questionnaires of those who made use of the new technology with those who used the traditional therapy. A total of 12 workers, 46 patients and 47 parents were enrolled in the study. Significant differences were recorded in the total workload score of physiotherapists who use the robotic technology compared with the traditional therapy (p < 0.001). Patients reported a higher quality of life and satisfaction after the use of the robotic neurorehabilitation therapy. The parents of patients undergoing the robotic therapy have moderately higher expectations and satisfaction than those undergoing the traditional therapy. In this pilot study, the robotic neurorehabilitation technique involved a significant increase in the patients' and parents' expectations. As it frequently happens in the introduction of new technologies, physiotherapists perceived a greater workload. Further studies are needed to verify the results achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gilardi
- Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.G.); (F.D.F.); (D.C.)
| | - Federica De Falco
- Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.G.); (F.D.F.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Casasanta
- Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.G.); (F.D.F.); (D.C.)
| | - Martina Andellini
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, Health Technology & Safety Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (M.R.)
| | - Simone Gazzellini
- Neurorehabilitation Units, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (D.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Maurizio Petrarca
- Neurorehabilitation Units, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (D.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Andreina Morocutti
- Neurorehabilitation Units, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (D.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Donatella Lettori
- Neurorehabilitation Units, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (D.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Matteo Ritrovato
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, Health Technology & Safety Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (M.R.)
| | - Enrico Castelli
- Neurorehabilitation Units, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.P.); (A.M.); (D.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Raponi
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nicola Magnavita
- Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Woman, Child & Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- Health Directorate, Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.G.); (F.D.F.); (D.C.)
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