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Viola M, Zanin E. The standard ontological framework of cognitive neuroscience: Some lessons from Broca’s area. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2017.1322193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Viola
- IUSS, Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elia Zanin
- IUSS, Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Mapping brain structure and function: cellular resolution, global perspective. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:245-264. [PMID: 28341866 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the brain requires analysis, although from a global perspective, with cellular, and even subcellular, resolution. An important step towards this goal involves the establishment of three-dimensional high-resolution brain maps, incorporating brain-wide information about the cells and their connections, as well as the chemical architecture. The progress made in such anatomical brain mapping in recent years has been paralleled by the development of physiological techniques that enable investigators to generate global neural activity maps, also with cellular resolution, while simultaneously recording the organism's behavioral activity. Combination of the high-resolution anatomical and physiological maps, followed by theoretical systems analysis of the deduced network, will offer unprecedented opportunities for a better understanding of how the brain, as a whole, processes sensory information and generates behavior.
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de Oliveira-Souza R, Moll J, Tovar-Moll F. Broca's Aphemia: The Tortuous Story of a Nonaphasic Nonparalytic Disorder of Speech. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2015; 25:142-168. [PMID: 26452688 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2015.1041346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Broca coined the neologism "aphemia" to describe a syndrome consisting of a loss of the ability to speak without impairment of language and paralysis of the faciolingual territories in actions unrelated to speech, such as protruding the tongue or pursing the lips. Upon examining the brains of patients with aphemia, Broca concluded that the minimum possible lesion responsible for aphemia localized to the posterior left inferior frontal gyrus and lower portion of the middle frontal gyrus. A review of Broca's writings led us to conclude that (a) Broca localized speech, not language, to the left hemisphere, (b) Broca's aphemia is a form of apraxia, (c) Broca's aphemia is not, therefore, a terminological forerunner of aphasia, and (d) Broca was an outspoken equipotentialist concerning the cerebral localization of language. Broca's claim about the role of the left hemisphere in the organization of speech places him as the legitimate forebear of the two most outstanding achievements of Liepmann's work, namely, the concepts of apraxia and of a left hemisphere specialization for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza
- a Department of Neuroscience , D'Or Institute for Research & Education (IDOR) , Botafogo , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
- b Department of Neurology , Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Uni-Rio) , Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Jorge Moll
- a Department of Neuroscience , D'Or Institute for Research & Education (IDOR) , Botafogo , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- a Department of Neuroscience , D'Or Institute for Research & Education (IDOR) , Botafogo , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Eling P. Broca's faculté du langage articulé: Language or Praxis? JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2015; 25:169-187. [PMID: 26452459 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2015.1041347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
De Oliveira-Souza, Moll, and Tovar-Moll (this issue) historically reevaluate that Paul Broca's aphemia should be considered as a kind of apraxia rather than aphasia. I argue that such a claim is unwarranted, given the interpretation of the faculty of speech Broca derived from his predecessors, Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud and Franz Joseph Gall, and also with a view on the then generally held opinion that the terms aphémie and aphasie were synonyms. I will discuss evidence that patients such as Leborgne, producing only very few words or syllables, suffer from a global aphasia, affecting all modalities, despite Broca's statement that Leborgne's comprehension was intact. I also point to Broca's claim that the faculty of speech, located in the left anterior hemisphere, is independent from hand preference because it is an intellectual and not a motor function, and to his statement that the cerebral convolutions are not motor organs. I finally contend that, in order to determine whether a given language problem should be labeled as aphasia or apraxia, it is crucial to first be clear on the components of old and new models of language production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eling
- a Department of Psychology , Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
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Thiebaut de Schotten M, Dell'Acqua F, Ratiu P, Leslie A, Howells H, Cabanis E, Iba-Zizen MT, Plaisant O, Simmons A, Dronkers NF, Corkin S, Catani M. From Phineas Gage and Monsieur Leborgne to H.M.: Revisiting Disconnection Syndromes. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4812-27. [PMID: 26271113 PMCID: PMC4635921 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
On the 50th anniversary of Norman Geschwind's seminal paper entitled ‘Disconnexion syndrome in animal and man’, we pay tribute to his ideas by applying contemporary tractography methods to understand white matter disconnection in 3 classic cases that made history in behavioral neurology. We first documented the locus and extent of the brain lesion from the computerized tomography of Phineas Gage's skull and the magnetic resonance images of Louis Victor Leborgne's brain, Broca's first patient, and Henry Gustave Molaison. We then applied the reconstructed lesions to an atlas of white matter connections obtained from diffusion tractography of 129 healthy adults. Our results showed that in all 3 patients, disruption extended to connections projecting to areas distant from the lesion. We confirmed that the damaged tracts link areas that in contemporary neuroscience are considered functionally engaged for tasks related to emotion and decision-making (Gage), language production (Leborgne), and declarative memory (Molaison). Our findings suggest that even historic cases should be reappraised within a disconnection framework whose principles were plainly established by the associationist schools in the last 2 centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thiebaut de Schotten
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Brain Connectivity and Behaviour, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France Inserm U 1127; UPMC-Paris6, UMR_S 1127; CNRS UMR 7225, CRICM, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - F Dell'Acqua
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Ratiu
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and
| | - A Leslie
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H Howells
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Cabanis
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - M T Iba-Zizen
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - O Plaisant
- University of Paris-Descartes, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, URDIA, EA4465, Paris, France
| | - A Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N F Dronkers
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation
| | - S Corkin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Catani
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Domanski CW. Post scriptum to the biography of Monsieur Leborgne. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2014; 23:75-77. [PMID: 24433196 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2013.792453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1861, Paul Broca presented a case of a patient who had almost completely lost the ability of speech production. This patient is known as "Monsieur Leborgne" alias "Tan." In describing the history of his disease, Broca reported that Leborgne had spent a total of 21 years in hospitals. The article features new information on the history of Leborgne's hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary W Domanski
- a Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University , Lublin , Poland
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