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Ozdes A, Bagci E, Burhan-Cavusoglu P, Ulusoy-Kok N. Self-referential processing in false recognition and source monitoring: Self-other differences. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.1977816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Ozdes
- Department of Psychology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Eda Bagci
- Department of Psychology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | | | - Nurdan Ulusoy-Kok
- Department of Psychology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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Is it all in the details? Description content and false recognition errors. Cogn Process 2020; 21:185-196. [PMID: 31902019 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-019-00945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments, we examined the effect of embellished content on memory errors for thematically related items as well as whether an encoding manipulation, specifically instructions to visualize content, further affects those errors. Using a modified Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, participants listened to subsets of DRM items embedded within scene descriptions. Some descriptions embellished item connections, weaving them into cohesive scenes. Other descriptions only made general reference to scenes, mentioning the items in list-like format. Listening to more detailed descriptions, compared to general scene references, elicited higher false recognition errors (Experiments 1 and 3). However, when description details varied within the same encoding series, as expected, false recognition errors did not differ significantly (Experiments 2 and 3). Results further suggest that more detailed content was more vividly imagined, providing one possible mechanism for increases in false recognition (Experiment 3). Implications for theoretical discussions of encoding task effects on false recognition errors are discussed.
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Ahmed S, Loane C, Bartels S, Zamboni G, Mackay C, Baker I, Husain M, Thompson S, Hornberger M, Butler C. Lateral parietal contributions to memory impairment in posterior cortical atrophy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:252-259. [PMID: 30094173 PMCID: PMC6080578 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome characterised by progressive impairment in visuospatial and perceptual function. Recent findings show that memory functioning can also be compromised early in the course of disease. In this study, we investigated the neural basis of memory impairment in PCA, and hypothesised that correlations would be observed with parietal cortex rather than classic medial temporal memory structures. Methods Eighteen PCA patients, 15 typical Alzheimer's disease (tAD) patients and 21 healthy controls underwent memory testing with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) word list and MRI. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to identify regions in the parietal and medial temporal lobes that correlated with memory performance. Results Compared with controls, PCA patients were impaired at learning, immediate and delayed recall and recognition of the RAVLT. Learning rate and immediate recall was significantly better in PCA compared to tAD, whereas there was no difference in delayed recall. Recognition memory also was not statistically different between patient groups, but PCA patients made significantly more false positive errors than tAD patients. VBM analysis in the PCA patients revealed a significant correlation between total learning and grey matter density in the right supramarginal gyrus, right angular gyrus and left postcentral gyrus. The left post central gyrus also significantly correlated with immediate and delayed recall and with recognition memory. No correlations were detected in the medial temporal lobe. Conclusions The findings provide novel evidence that early verbal memory impairment is frequently observed in PCA, and is associated with damage to lateral parietal structures. The results have implications for the diagnosis and management of PCA. PCA patients were impaired in learning, recall and recognition memory. Deficits were evident in the early stages of disease. Memory impairment was associated with damage to lateral parietal structures. No correlations were detected in the medial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrah Ahmed
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Clare Loane
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Bartels
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology and Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Zamboni
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Clare Mackay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Baker
- Russell Cairns Unit, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sian Thompson
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Christopher Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Boundary extension is a common false memory error, in which people confidently remember seeing a wider angle view of the scene than was viewed. Previous research found that boundary extension is scene-specific and did not examine this phenomenon in nonscenes. The present research explored boundary extension in cropped face images. Participants completed either a short-term or a long-term condition of the task. During the encoding, they observed photographs of faces, cropped either in a forehead or in a chin area, and subsequently performed face recognition through a forced-choice selection. The recognition options represented different degrees of boundary extension and boundary restriction errors. Eye-tracking and performance data were collected. The results demonstrated boundary extension in both memory conditions. Furthermore, previous literature reported the asymmetry in amounts of expansion at different sides of an image. The present work provides the evidence of asymmetry in boundary extension. In the short-term condition, boundary extension errors were more pronounced for forehead, than for chin face areas. Finally, this research examined the relationships between the measures of boundary extension, imagery, and emotion. The results suggest that individual differences in emotional ability and object, but not spatial, imagery could be associated with boundary extension in face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Blazhenkova
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Sabancı University,
Istanbul, Turkey
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Stephan-Otto C, Siddi S, Senior C, Muñoz-Samons D, Ochoa S, Sánchez-Laforga AM, Brébion G. Visual Imagery and False Memory for Pictures: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Healthy Participants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169551. [PMID: 28046076 PMCID: PMC5207728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visual mental imagery might be critical in the ability to discriminate imagined from perceived pictures. Our aim was to investigate the neural bases of this specific type of reality-monitoring process in individuals with high visual imagery abilities. Methods A reality-monitoring task was administered to twenty-six healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging. During the encoding phase, 45 words designating common items, and 45 pictures of other common items, were presented in random order. During the recall phase, participants were required to remember whether a picture of the item had been presented, or only a word. Two subgroups of participants with a propensity for high vs. low visual imagery were contrasted. Results Activation of the amygdala, left inferior occipital gyrus, insula, and precuneus were observed when high visual imagers encoded words later remembered as pictures. At the recall phase, these same participants activated the middle frontal gyrus and inferior and superior parietal lobes when erroneously remembering pictures. Conclusions The formation of visual mental images might activate visual brain areas as well as structures involved in emotional processing. High visual imagers demonstrate increased activation of a fronto-parietal source-monitoring network that enables distinction between imagined and perceived pictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stephan-Otto
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Siddi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carl Senior
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susana Ochoa
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gildas Brébion
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Siddi S, Petretto DR, Scanu R, Burrai C, Baita A, Trincas P, Trogu E, Campus L, Contu A, Preti A. Deficits in metaphor but not in idiomatic processing are related to verbal hallucinations in patients with psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:101-112. [PMID: 27690132 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is scant evidence that the verbal cognitive deficits observed in patients with psychosis are related to auditory verbal hallucinations. The understanding of metaphors and idiomatic expressions was investigated in a cohort of 90 patients with active psychosis, and in 44 healthy controls. The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS: verbal hallucinations subscale) was used to measure the current verbal hallucinations episode; a subscore of the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale was used to measure long-term propensity to auditory verbal hallucination-like experiences (HLEs) in the sample. The concurrent influence of education, IQ, and cognitive functioning in memory, attention, fluency, and processing speed on metaphor and idioms processing was investigated. Patients performed worse than healthy controls on all neuropsychological measures. Metaphor, but not idioms processing was poorer in patients with verbal hallucinations (n=46) when compared to patients without verbal hallucinations in the current episode (n=44). By taking into account confounding variables, the ability to produce explanations of metaphors was related to scores on the verbal HLEs in the whole sample of patients. Metaphor-comprehension deficit was related to the occurrence of auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with psychosis, suggesting that abnormal pragmatic inferential abilities have an impact on the mechanisms that cause hallucinatory experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Siddi
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy; Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain, CIBERSAM; Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Donatella Rita Petretto
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Scanu
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Burrai
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service I, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Baita
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service I, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierfranco Trincas
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service II, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliary, Italy
| | - Emanuela Trogu
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service II, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliary, Italy
| | - Liliana Campus
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service I, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Augusto Contu
- Head, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Preti
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy; Genneruxi Medical Center, Cagliari, Italy
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Foley MA, Bays RB, Foy J, Woodfield M. Source misattributions and false recognition errors: examining the role of perceptual resemblance and imagery generation processes. Memory 2014; 23:714-35. [PMID: 24931435 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.925565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments, we examine the extent to which participants' memory errors are affected by the perceptual features of an encoding series and imagery generation processes. Perceptual features were examined by manipulating the features associated with individual items as well as the relationships among items. An encoding instruction manipulation was included to examine the effects of explicit requests to generate images. In all three experiments, participants falsely claimed to have seen pictures of items presented as words, committing picture misattribution errors. These misattribution errors were exaggerated when the perceptual resemblance between pictures and images was relatively high (Experiment 1) and when explicit requests to generate images were omitted from encoding instructions (Experiments 1 and 2). When perceptual cues made the thematic relationships among items salient, the level and pattern of misattribution errors were also affected (Experiments 2 and 3). Results address alternative views about the nature of internal representations resulting in misattribution errors and refute the idea that these errors reflect only participants' general impressions or beliefs about what was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Foley
- a Department of Psychology , Skidmore College , Saratoga Springs , NY , USA
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