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Chen W, Ye S, Ding X, Shen M, Gao Z. Selectively maintaining an object's feature in visual working memory: A comparison between highly discriminable and fine-grained features. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01612-w. [PMID: 39048836 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Selectively maintaining information is an essential function of visual working memory (VWM). Recent VWM studies have mainly focused on selective maintenance of objects, leaving the mechanisms of selectively maintaining an object's feature in VWM unknown. Based on the interactive model of perception and VWM, we hypothesized that there are distinct selective maintenance mechanisms for objects containing fine-grained features versus objects containing highly discriminable features. To test this hypothesis, we first required participants to memorize a dual-feature object (colored simple shapes vs. colored polygons), and informed them about the target feature via a retro-cue. Then a visual search task was added to examine the fate of the irrelevant feature. The selective maintenance of an object's feature predicted that the irrelevant feature should be removed from the active state of VWM and should not capture attention when presented as a distractor in the visual search task. We found that irrelevant simple shapes impaired performance in the visual search task (Experiment 1). However, irrelevant polygons did not affect visual search performance (Experiment 2), and this could not be explained by decay of polygons (Experiment 3) or by polygons not capturing attention (Experiment 4). These findings suggest that VWM adopts dissociable mechanisms to selectively maintain an object's feature, depending on the feature's perceptual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujuan Ye
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Ding
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mowei Shen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zaifeng Gao
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
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Coburn PI, Dogra KK, Rai IK, Bernstein DM. The Trajectory of Targets and Critical Lures in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott Paradigm: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718818. [PMID: 34925128 PMCID: PMC8677658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm has been used extensively to examine false memory. During the study session, participants learn lists of semantically related items (e.g., pillow, blanket, tired, bed), referred to as targets. Critical lures are items which are also associated with the lists but are intentionally omitted from study (e.g., sleep). At test, when asked to remember targets, participants often report false memories for critical lures. Findings from experiments using the DRM show the ease with which false memories develop in the absence of suggestion or misinformation. Given this, it is important to examine factors which influence the generalizability of the findings. One important factor is the persistence of false memory, or how long false memories last. Therefore, we conducted a systemic review to answer this research question: What is the persistence of false memory for specific items in the DRM paradigm? To help answer this question our review had two research objectives: (1) to examine the trajectory of target memory and false memory for critical lures and (2) to examine whether memory for targets exceeded false memory for critical lures. We included empirical articles which tested memory for the same DRM lists with at least two testing sessions. We discuss the results with respect to single-session delays, long-term memory recall and recognition, remember and know judgments for memory, and the effect of development, valence, warning, and connectivity on the trajectory of memory. Overall, the trajectory of targets showed a relatively consistent pattern of decrease across delay. The trajectory of critical lures was inconsistent. The proportion of targets versus critical lures across delay was also inconsistent. Despite the inconsistencies, we conclude that targets and critical lures have a dissimilar trajectory across delay and that critical lures are more persistent than targets. The findings with respect to long-term recall and recognition are consistent with both Fuzzy Trace Theory and Associative-Activation Theory of the DRM effect. The generation of false memory with brief delays (3-4 s) is better explained by Associative-Activation Theory. Examining the connectivity between target items, and critical lures, and the effect that has during study and retrieval, can provide insight into the persistence of false memory for critical lures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Coburn
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Kirandeep K Dogra
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Iarenjit K Rai
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel M Bernstein
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Jantz TK, Festini SB, Reuter-Lorenz PA. Failing to forget? Evidence for both impaired and preserved working memory control in older adults. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2021; 28:884-906. [PMID: 33141653 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1839012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary forgetting is accomplished via top-down control over memory contents. Age-related declines in cognitive control may compromise voluntary forgetting. Using a working-memory variant of a directed forgetting task, we examined age differences in forgetting efficacy by analyzing direct measures of memory accuracy and two indirect measures of retention: proactive interference and semantic distortions. The directed forgetting effect in long-term memory was virtually absent in older adults. Further, compared to young adults, older adults recognized fewer to-be-remembered and more to-be-forgotten items in working memory. However, indirect measures of forgetting efficacy suggest some spared ability to control working memory contents in older adults: Both young and older adult participants exhibited reduced proactive interference for to-be-forgotten words (Experiment 1) and reduced semantic errors to to-be-forgotten list associates (Experiment 2) in working memory. Indirect memory measures of forgetting efficacy can provide a fuller understanding of spared and impaired control processes in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany K Jantz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sara B Festini
- Department of Psychology, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
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Xing M, Niu Z, Liu T. The part-list cuing effect in working memory: The influence of task presentation mode. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 219:103393. [PMID: 34450503 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of part-list cues on long-term memory has been well-documented, whereas its impact on working memory remains largely unknown. The current study recruited a working memory part-list cuing paradigm to investigate how re-exposing part-list items affected item representation in working memory, and more specifically, whether the cuing effect was modulated by the task presentation mode. Our results showed that when the part-list re-exposure and no-part-list re-exposure trials were presented in separate blocks, using the re-exposed items as retrieval cues (part-list cue condition) significantly impaired recognition speed, accuracy and elevated judgement criteria (Experiment 1a), whereas merely relearning the re-exposed items (part-list relearning condition) has no such effect (Experiment 1b). When the part-list cue trials are randomly interleaved with the no-part-list cue trials, recognition accuracy was significantly lower in the part-list cue condition, whereas the recognition speed and judgement criteria were not significantly different under the two conditions (Experiment 2). These results indicate that re-exposing subsets of previously memorized items as retrieval cues can reduce the strength of other representations in working memory. Moreover, the effect of part-list cues in working memory is affected by task presentation mode. The mechanisms of part-list cuing within working memory were discussed.
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Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated that the frontal lobes play a critical role in the top-down control of behavior, and damage to the frontal cortex impairs performance on tasks that require executive control [Burgess, P. W., & Stuss, D. T. Fifty years of prefrontal cortex research: Impact on assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23, 755-767, 2017; Stuss, D. T., & Levine, B. Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 401-433, 2002]. Across executive functioning tasks, performance deficits are often quantified as the number of false alarms per total number of nontarget trials. However, most studies of frontal lobe function focus on individual task performance and do not discuss commonalities of errors committed across different tasks. Here, we describe a neurocognitive account that explores the link between deficient frontal lobe function and increased false alarms across an array of experimental tasks from a variety of task domains. We review evidence for heightened false alarms following frontal deficits in episodic long-term memory tests, working memory tasks (e.g., n-back), attentional tasks (e.g., continuous performance tasks), interference control tasks (e.g., recent probes), and inhibitory control tasks (e.g., go/no-go). We examine this relationship via neuroimaging studies, lesion studies, and across age groups and pathologies that impact the pFC, and we propose 11 issues in cognitive processing that can result in false alarms. In our review, some overlapping neural regions were implicated in the regulation of false alarms. Ultimately, however, we find evidence for the fractionation and localization of certain frontal processes related to the commission of specific types of false alarms. We outline avenues for additional research that will enable further delineation of the fractionation of the frontal lobes' regulation of false alarms.
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Festini SB. Directed forgetting instructions decrease proactive interference within working memory below that of a baseline encode-only condition. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1822850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Festini
- Department of Psychology, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
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van Ede F, Board AG, Nobre AC. Goal-directed and stimulus-driven selection of internal representations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24590-24598. [PMID: 32929036 PMCID: PMC7533705 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013432117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive behavior relies on the selection of relevant sensory information from both the external environment and internal memory representations. In understanding external selection, a classic distinction is made between voluntary (goal-directed) and involuntary (stimulus-driven) guidance of attention. We have developed a task-the anti-retrocue task-to separate and examine voluntary and involuntary guidance of attention to internal representations in visual working memory. We show that both voluntary and involuntary factors influence memory performance but do so in distinct ways. Moreover, by tracking gaze biases linked to attentional focusing in memory, we provide direct evidence for an involuntary "retro-capture" effect whereby external stimuli involuntarily trigger the selection of feature-matching internal representations. We show that stimulus-driven and goal-directed influences compete for selection in memory, and that the balance of this competition-as reflected in oculomotor signatures of internal attention-predicts the quality of ensuing memory-guided behavior. Thus, goal-directed and stimulus-driven factors together determine the fate not only of perception, but also of internal representations in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek van Ede
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom;
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander G Board
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
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Dimsdale-Zucker HR, Flegal KE, Atkins AS, Reuter-Lorenz PA. Serial position-dependent false memory effects. Memory 2018; 27:397-409. [PMID: 30152262 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1513039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for false recognition within seconds of encoding suggests that semantic-associative influences are not restricted to long-term memory, consistent with unitary memory accounts but contrary to dual store models. The present study sought further relevant evidence using a modified free recall converging associates task where participants studied 12-item lists composed of 3 semantically distinct quartets (sublists) related to a separate, non-presented theme word (i.e., words 1-4/theme1, 5-8/theme2, and 9-12/theme3). This list construction permits assessment of false recall errors from each sublist, and, particularly, the primacy and recency sublists that have been linked to long- and short-term memory stores. Experiment 1 tested immediate free recall for items. Associative false memories were evident from all sublists, however, significantly less so from the recent sublist, which also showed the highest levels of veridical memory. By inserting a brief (3 s) distractor prior to recall, Experiment 2 selectively reduced veridical memory and increased false memory for the recent sublist while leaving the primacy sublist unaffected. These recall results converge with prior evidence indicating the immediacy of false recognition, and can be understood within a unitary framework where the differential availability of verbatim features and gist-based cues affect memory for primacy and recency sublists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle R Dimsdale-Zucker
- a Department of Psychology, UC Davis Center for Neuroscience , University of California, Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Kristin E Flegal
- b Imaging Centre of Excellence, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , Scotland
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Lewis-Peacock JA, Kessler Y, Oberauer K. The removal of information from working memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1424:33-44. [PMID: 29741212 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
What happens to goal-relevant information in working memory after it is no longer needed? Here, we review evidence for a selective removal process that operates on outdated information to limit working memory load and hence facilitates the maintenance of goal-relevant information. Removal alters the representations of irrelevant content so as to reduce access to it, thereby improving access to the remaining relevant content and also facilitating the encoding of new information. Both behavioral and neural evidence support the existence of a removal process that is separate from forgetting due to decay or interference. We discuss the potential mechanisms involved in removal and characterize the time course and duration of the process. In doing so, we propose the existence of two forms of removal: one is temporary, and reversible, which modifies working memory content without impacting content-to-context bindings, and another is permanent, which unbinds the content from its context in working memory (without necessarily impacting long-term forgetting). Finally, we discuss limitations on removal and prescribe conditions for evaluating evidence for or against this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod A Lewis-Peacock
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Yoav Kessler
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Klaus Oberauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Nejati V, Salehinejad MA, Sabayee A. Impaired working memory updating affects memory for emotional and non-emotional materials the same way: evidence from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cogn Process 2017; 19:53-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-017-0837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kindermann H, Javor A, Reuter M. Playing counter-strike versus running: The impact of leisure time activities and cortisol on intermediate-term memory in male students. COGN SYST RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gao H, Cao B, Qi M, Wang J, Zhang Q, Li F. Two stages of directed forgetting: Electrophysiological evidence from a short-term memory task. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:806-13. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heming Gao
- School of Psychology; Liaoning Normal University; Dalian China
| | - Bihua Cao
- School of Psychology; JiangXi Normal University; Nanchang China
| | - Mingming Qi
- Faculty of Psychology; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Jing Wang
- Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Liaoning Normal University; Dalian China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Psychology; Liaoning Normal University; Dalian China
| | - Fuhong Li
- School of Psychology; JiangXi Normal University; Nanchang China
- Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Liaoning Normal University; Dalian China
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Nemeth VL, Kurgyis E, Csifcsak G, Maraz A, Almasi DA, Drotos G, Szikszay P, Ando B, Janka Z, Must A. The impact of intermediate-term alcohol abstinence on memory retrieval and suppression. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1396. [PMID: 25520692 PMCID: PMC4251290 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The nature of episodic memory deficit in intermediate-term abstinence from alcohol in alcohol dependence (AD) is not yet clarified. Deficits in inhibitory control are commonly reported in substance use disorders. However, much less is known about cognitive control suppressing interference from memory. The Think/No-think (TNT) paradigm is a well established method to investigate inhibition of associative memory retrieval. Methods: Thirty-six unmedicated patients with AD and 36 healthy controls (HCs) performed the TNT task. Thirty image–word pairs were trained up to a predefined accuracy level. Cued recall was examined in three conditions: Think (T) for items instructed to-be-remembered, No-think (NT) assessing the ability to suppress retrieval and Baseline (B) for general relational memory. Premorbid IQ, clinical variables and impulsivity measures were quantified. Results: AD patients had a significantly increased demand for training. Baseline memory abilities and effect of practice on retrieval were not markedly different between the groups. We found a significant main effect of group (HC vs. AD) × condition (B, T, and NT) and a significant difference in mean NT–B scores for the two groups. Discussion: AD and HC groups did not differ essentially in their baseline memory abilities. Also, the instruction to focus on retrieval improved episodic memory performance in both groups. Crucially, control participants were able to suppress relational words in the NT condition supporting the critical effect of cognitive control processes over inhibition of retrieval. In contrast to this, the ability of AD patients to suppress retrieval was found to be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola L Nemeth
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kurgyis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabor Csifcsak
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Maraz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Denes A Almasi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Drotos
- Neuroimaging Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petronella Szikszay
- Addiction Rehabilitation Center Based on the Minnesota Model, Hospital of Szigetvar Szigetvar, Hungary
| | - Balint Ando
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Janka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Must
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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Cognitive control of familiarity: Directed forgetting reduces proactive interference in working memory. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 14:78-89. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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