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The Roles of Cassava in Marginal Semi-Arid Farming in East Nusa Tenggara—Indonesia. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Risk and uncertainty in grain crop production are common in marginal semi-arid environments, such as East Nusa Tenggara province. Growing root and tuber crops in a mixed-cropping system is one of the strategies developed by smallholder farmers to substitute food grains and minimize risk. Nevertheless, root and tuber crops are not prioritized for food production systems since food crops in Indonesia are based more on grain and wetland rice production systems. This paper reviews cassava crops, which are widely cultivated by smallholder farmers. This paper contributes to understanding the roles of cassava for smallholder farmers, the diversity of the cassava germ plasm, the progress made to increase cassava productivity, and the potency of cassava crops to improve farmers’ incomes. This paper highlights that, in the low and erratic rainfall of dominant semi-arid regions, the development of cassava is pivotal to secure the harvest of food crops or food availability and income generation for marginal farmers.
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Ovalle TM, Vásquez-Ordóñez AA, Jimenez J, Parsa S, Cuellar WJ, Becerra Lopez-Lavalle LA. A simple PCR-based method for the rapid and accurate identification of spider mites (Tetranychidae) on cassava. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19496. [PMID: 33177527 PMCID: PMC7658231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological identification of mites entails great challenges. Characteristics such as dorsal setae and aedeagus are widely used, but they show variations between populations, and the technique is time consuming and demands specialized taxonomic expertise that is difficult to access. A successful alternative has been to exploit a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene to classify specimens to the species level. We analyzed the COI sequences of four mite species associated with cassava and classified them definitively by detailed morphological examinations. We then developed an identification kit based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction of subunit I of the COI gene focused on the three restriction enzymes AseI, MboII, and ApoI. This set of enzymes permitted the simple, accurate identification of Mononychellus caribbeanae, M. tanajoa, M. mcgregori, and Tetranychus urticae, rapidly and with few resources. This kit could be a vital tool for the surveillance and monitoring of mite pests in cassava crop protection programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Ovalle
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, 763537, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.,CGIAR Research Program for Root Tubers and Bananas, Lima, Peru
| | - Aymer Andrés Vásquez-Ordóñez
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, 763537, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.,Entomology Section, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria Melendez, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Jenyfer Jimenez
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, 763537, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.,CGIAR Research Program for Root Tubers and Bananas, Lima, Peru
| | - Soroush Parsa
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, 763537, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.,International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina, Lima, Lima12, Perú
| | - Wilmer J Cuellar
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, 763537, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.,CGIAR Research Program for Root Tubers and Bananas, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis A Becerra Lopez-Lavalle
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Km 17, Recta Cali-Palmira, 763537, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. .,CGIAR Research Program for Root Tubers and Bananas, Lima, Peru.
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Vásquez-Ordóñez AA, Parsa S. A geographic distribution database of Mononychellus mites (Acari, Tetranychidae) on cassava (Manihot esculenta). Zookeys 2014:1-8. [PMID: 24899828 PMCID: PMC4042700 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.407.7564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Mononychellus is represented by 28 herbivorous mites. Some of them are notorious pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a primary food crop in the tropics. With the exception of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), their geographic distribution is not widely known. This article therefore reports observational and specimen-based occurrence data of Mononychellus species associated with cassava. The dataset consists of 1,513 distribution records documented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) between 1975 and 2012. The specimens are held at CIAT’s Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC). Most of the records are from the genus’ native range in South America and were documented between 1980 and 2000. Approximately 61% of the records belong to M. tanajoa, 25% to M. caribbeanae (McGregor), 10% to M. mcgregori (Flechtmann and Baker) and 2% to M. planki (McGregor). The complete dataset is available in Darwin Core Archive format via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soroush Parsa
- CIAT, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo, 6713 Cali, Colombia
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Bellotti AC, Smith L, Lapointe SL. Recent advances in cassava pest management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 1999; 44:343-370. [PMID: 9990720 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) occupies a uniquely important position as a food security crop for smallholder farmers in ares of the tropics where climate, soils, or societal stresses constrain production. Given its reliability and productivity, cassava is the most important locally produced food in a third of the world's low-income, food-deficit countries. It is the fourth most important source of carbohydrates for human consumption in the tropics, after rice, sugar, and maize. World production of cassava from 1994-1996 averaged 166 million tons/year grown on 16.6 million hectares (ha), for an average yield of 9.9 tons/ha. Approximately 57% is used for human consumption, 32% for animal feed and industrial purposes, and 11% is waste. Africa accounts for 51.3% of the production; Asia, 29.4%; and Latin America, 19.3%. The area planted to cassava in Africa, Asia, and Latin America is 10.3, 3.7, and 2.6 million ha, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bellotti
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia.
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