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Suriyapha C, Supapong C, So S, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A. Bioconversion of agro-industrial residues as a protein source supplementation for multiparous Holstein Thai crossbreed cows. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273916. [PMID: 36048798 PMCID: PMC9436144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this field study was to compare the effects of top-dressing tropical lactating cows with soybean meal (SBM) or citric waste fermented yeast waste (CWYW) on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, purine derivatives, milk production, and economic return. Sixteen mid-lactation Thai crossbreeds, Holstein Friesian (16.7 ± 0.30 kg/day milk yield and 490 ± 40.0 kg of initial body weight) were randomly allocated to two treatments in a completed randomized design: SBM as control (n = 8) or CWYW (n = 8). The feeding trial lasted for 60 days plus 21 days for treatment adaptation. The results showed that total dry matter intake, nutrient intake, and digestibility did not (p>0.05) differ between SBM and CWYW top-dressing. Ruminal pH and the protozoal population did not (p>0.05) differ between SBM and CWYW top-dressing. After 4 hours of feeding, CWYW top-dressing showed greater ammonia nitrogen, plasma urea nitrogen, and bacterial population compared with the top-dressing of SBM. Volatile fatty acids and purine derivatives were not different (p>0.05) between SBM and CWYW top-dressing. For milk urea nitrogen, there was a greater (p<0.05) and somatic cell count was lower (p<0.05) for cows fed the CWYW top-dress compared to cows fed the SBM top-dress. The cost of the top-dress and total feed cost were less (p<0.05) for CWYW compared to SBM top-dressing, at 0.59 vs 1.16 US dollars/cow/day and 4.14 vs 4.75 US dollars/cow/day, respectively. In conclusion, CWYW could be used as an alternative protein source to SBM without having a negative impact on tropical lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaichana Suriyapha
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chanadol Supapong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Nakhon Si Thammarat Campus, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Sarong So
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Processing, National University of Battambang, Battambang, Cambodia
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Insoongnern H, Srakaew W, Prapaiwong T, Suphrap N, Potirahong S, Wachirapakorn C. Effect of Mineral Salt Blocks Containing Sodium Bicarbonate or Selenium on Ruminal pH, Rumen Fermentation and Milk Production and Composition in Crossbred Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120322. [PMID: 34941849 PMCID: PMC8707673 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminal pH is an important physiological parameter that regulates microbe activity; optimizing ruminal pH may improve rumen fermentation and milk production. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or selenium (Se) in mineral salt block (MSB) supplementation on ruminal pH, rumen fermentation, milk yield and composition in Holstein Friesian crossbred dairy cows. Four crossbred dairy cows with an initial weight of 456 ± 6 kg in mid-lactation were assigned at random using a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The experiments were divided into four periods, each lasting 21 days. Each cow was fed a basal diet supplemented with a different type of mineral salt block: a control with no MSB supplementation, and MSB groups with MSB containing NaHCO3 (MSB-Na), MSB containing Se (MSB-Se), and conventional commercial MSB (MSB-Com). MSB-Na contained NaHCO3 (500 g/kg) to prevent acidosis, MSB-Se contained organic Se (15 mg/kg) as an antioxidant, and MSB-Com was a positive control mineral salt block. The results show that there was no significant difference in feed intake between treatments, but there was a significant difference in mineral salt intake between treatments (p < 0.05). Supplementing mineral blocks had no effect on nutrient intake or apparent digestibility (p > 0.05). Ruminal pH was not different between treatments at 0 and 1 h post-feeding, but at 2 and 4 h post-feeding, ruminal pH in cows fed MSB-Na and MSB-Se was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than it was in cows fed MSB-Com and the control. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetic, propionic, butyric, and ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen were not influenced by mineral blocks supplementation. Milk yield, milk composition and energy-corrected milk (ECM) were not affected by supplementing mineral blocks. However, compared with the control, the somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk was reduced (p < 0.05) by supplementation with the mineral salt block. Based on the results of the experiments, it was concluded that MSB-Na or MSB-Se supplementation improved ruminal pH while having no effect on feed intake, rumen fermentation, milk yield, or composition, though it did reduce SCC in milk. However, additional research should be conducted to investigate the effect of MSB on rumen ecology and milk production in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathaichanok Insoongnern
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand;
| | - Wuttikorn Srakaew
- Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nan Campus, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Nan 55000, Thailand;
| | - Tipwadee Prapaiwong
- Department of Animal Production Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Chantaburi Campus, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chantaburi 22210, Thailand;
| | | | | | - Chalong Wachirapakorn
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-61-965-6414
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Vicente F, Elouadaf D, Sánchez-Vera A, Soldado A, De La Torre-Santos S, Martínez-Fernández A. The Dairy Cow Slurry Composition Used as Organic Fertilizer Is Influenced by the Level and Origin of the Dietary Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102812. [PMID: 34679834 PMCID: PMC8532718 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dairy cattle is a source of ammonia because only 25–35% of the dietary nitrogen is used for the synthesis of milk, and the remainder is excreted through feces and urine. A reduction in dietary nitrogen is an effective way to decrease nitrogen excretions and subsequent ammonia emissions. However, this reduction should not induce a decrease in the potential yield of the cows. On the other hand, legumes are more susceptible than grasses to undergo proteolysis in the silage process due to their higher protein content. However, not all legumes have the same rate of proteolysis rate. With the main objective of improving the quality of the slurry to be used as organic fertilizer, two sequential experiments were carried out. In the first, it was intended to determine the optimal level of dietary nitrogen intake necessary for high-production dairy cows. Once this level was established, two legume silages with different proteolysis rates were evaluated. In conclusion, dairy cows producing more than 30 kg of milk per day can meet their needs with diets with 13% of protein, reducing nitrogen losses through urine. The main pathway for the excretion of dietary nitrogen provided by legume silage is the urine, and the protein of field pea silage is metabolized towards ammonia production to a larger extent than the protein of faba bean silage. Abstract Less than 30% of dairy cattle’s nitrogen ingested is retained in milk. Therefore, large amounts of nitrogen can be excreted in manure and urine with a potential environmental impact. In addition, some legume forages can be more susceptible to proteolysis during the silage process than grasses, and dairy cows fed these legume silages would excrete a larger quantity of nitrogen in slurry. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the amount of nitrogen excretion in dairy cows fed different protein levels and legume silages with a view to improve the slurry quality as a co-product that can be used as fertilizer. Two double 3 × 3 Latin square trials were carried out in order to study three different protein levels (high, medium, and low) and three different silages (grass, faba bean, and field pea). Dry matter intake, milk production, and composition were not affected by treatments. The excretion of ammonia-N in the urine was almost four times lower in the diet with the lowest protein level. The ammonia-N in the urine was twice as high with the pea silage than faba bean and grass silages. In conclusion, the diet containing 13% of protein meets the protein requirement for lactating cows producing 31 kg daily, with low nitrogen excretion in the urine, and the main pathway for the excretion of surplus nitrogen from legume silages is through urine and the metabolization of pea silage protein goes toward ammonia-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vicente
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-985-89-00-66
| | - Douâa Elouadaf
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
| | - Alejandra Sánchez-Vera
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
| | - Ana Soldado
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Senén De La Torre-Santos
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
| | - Adela Martínez-Fernández
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
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Evaluation of Himalayan Elm (Ulmus wallichiana) leaf meal as a partial substitute for concentrate mixture in total mixed ration of sheep. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lira-Casas R, Efren Ramirez-Bribiesca J, Zavaleta-Mancera HA, Hidalgo-Moreno C, Cruz-Monterrosa RG, Crosby-Galvan MM, Mendez-Rojas MA, Domínguez-Vara IA. Designing and evaluation of urea microcapsules in vitro to improve nitrogen slow release availability in rumen. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2541-2547. [PMID: 30387165 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in the development of novel and innovative vehicles for controlled release of urea into the rumen, aiming to provide ammonia-N for the biosynthesis of proteins of bacterial origin and to prevent urea intoxication by direct feeding to livestock. Urea microencapsulation is a system that can control the release of urea to be slow and steady. RESULTS The amount of encapsulated urea was 69% of CSU (calcium silicate + urea + Eudragit RS100® + dichloromethane) and 71% of ACU (activated charcoal + urea + Eudragit RS100® + dichloromethane) groups (p > 0.05) The buoyancy of the microcapsules was over 50% after 12 h of agitation in both groups (CSU and ACU), producing significant differences in the volume of the organic phase factor, which was 20 mL at the lowest value (p = 0.0005). The morphology of the microcapsules produced with CSU and ACU showed no significant differences in microcapsule morphology (p > 0.05). The lower temperature (35 versus 40 °C, p = 0.035) retained better morphology of the microcapsules. Regarding the in vitro ammonia-N release kinetics, unprotected urea reached a maximal peak after 6 h, while CSU and ACU took more than 24 h to reach ammonia-N released concentration. CONCLUSIONS We stabilized the physical factors in the microencapsulation of urea that can allow slow release of rumen fluid. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Lira-Casas
- Programa de Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo Texcoco Estado de México
| | | | | | | | - Rosy G Cruz-Monterrosa
- Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Estado de México, México
| | - María M Crosby-Galvan
- Programa de Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo Texcoco Estado de México
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Wachirapakorn C, Pilachai K, Wanapat M, Pakdee P, Cherdthong A. Effect of ground corn cobs as a fiber source in total mixed ration on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition in tropical lactating crossbred Holstein cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:334-338. [PMID: 29767018 PMCID: PMC5941036 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ground corn cobs (GCC) as a sole fiber source in total mixed ration (TMR) on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition in tropical lactating crossbred Holstein cows. Four multiparous crossbreds Holstein Friesian dairy cows with an initial body weight (BW) of 415.5 ± 26.20 kg were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments of TMR contained a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60. The roughage source was used at different ratios of GCC to rice straw (RS) at 100:0, 82.5:17.5, 67.5:32.5, and 50:50 for TMR1 to TMR4, respectively. The results revealed significant improvements in intake of dry matter, protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and metabolizable energy (ME) for TMR1 and TMR2 (P < 0.05), while the digestibility of nutrients was not altered by the treatments (P ≥ 0.05). Ground corn cobs was used for up to 100% of the total roughage without affecting milk production. Moreover, ruminal pH, temperature, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were not impacted by the treatments (P > 0.05). However, milk yield was significantly different among the GCC:RS ratios (P < 0.05) and was the highest in TMR1 and TMR2 (13.1 kg/d), while the milk compositions were not changed (P > 0.05). The results imply that using GCC as a whole roughage source significantly improved nutrients intake and milk yield in dairy cows raised in tropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalong Wachirapakorn
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Krung Pilachai
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajabhat Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pawadee Pakdee
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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