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Esfiokhi SHM, Norouzian MA, Abadi MRS, Ahvanooei MRR. Effects of probiotic-supplemented milk replacer on growth, blood biochemistry, fermentation, digestibility, and carcass traits in lambs. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 25:100368. [PMID: 38966005 PMCID: PMC11222791 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding cow's milk replacer and probiotic supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation parameters, and nutrient digestibility in male lambs, with ewe's milk serving as the control treatment. Eighteen male lambs with an average initial body weight of 5.0 ± 1.2 kg and age of 15 ± 4 days were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: ewe's milk, cow's milk replacer, and cow's milk replacer with probiotic supplementation. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design. Lambs fed ewe's milk showed significantly higher average daily gain (218.4 g/day) compared to those fed cow's milk replacer (183.7 g/day) or cow's milk replacer with probiotic (209.1 g/day). Similarly, dry matter intake was highest in the ewe's milk group (585.6 g/day) compared to the cow's milk replacer (435.9 g/day) and cow's milk replacer with probiotic (510.5 g/day) groups. Blood glucose levels were higher in the ewe's milk group (75.3 mg/dL) compared to the cow's milk replacer (70.3 mg/dL) and cow's milk replacer with probiotic (72.1 mg/dL) groups. Probiotic supplementation resulted in increased blood urea nitrogen (15.6 mg/dL) and total protein (7.3 g/dL) levels compared to the other groups. Furthermore, the ewe's milk group showed higher apparent dry matter (76.1%) and crude protein (68.5%) digestibility compared to the other treatments. The fecal score on day 30 was higher in the cow's milk replacer group (2.34) compared to the ewe's milk (1.24) and cow's milk replacer with probiotic (1.45) groups. There were no significant differences in the carcass traits of the experimental lambs. In conclusion, based on the results of this study, it seems that feeding cow's milk + probiotic as a replacement for ewe's milk did not significantly affect the performance, carcass traits, and blood and fermentation parameters in infant lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- SH Mousavi Esfiokhi
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - MA Norouzian
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - MR Sahl Abadi
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - MR Rezaei Ahvanooei
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Wang H, Yu Z, Gao Z, Li Q, Qiu X, Wu F, Guan T, Cao B, Su H. Effects of compound probiotics on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and health status of neonatal Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:2190-2200. [PMID: 34955257 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of compound probiotics (consisting of 108 cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum, 108 cfu/g of Pediococcus acidilactici, 108 cfu/g of Pediococcus pentosaceus, 107 cfu/g of and Bacillus subtilis) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, bacteria community, blood parameters, and health status of Holstein calves at the first 3 mo of age. Forty-eight newborn calves were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: control group (milk replacer with no compound probiotics), low compound probiotics group (milk replacer + 0.12 g of compound probiotics per head per day), and high compound probiotics group (HP; milk replacer + 1.2 g of compound probiotics per head per day). Starter pellets of the low compound probiotics and HP groups were coated with 0.05% compound probiotics. Milk replacer was provided from 2 to 63 d of age (6 L at 2-10 d, 8 L at 11-42 d, 6 L at 43-49 d, 4 L at 50-56 d, and 2 L at 57-63 d), and starter pellets were provided ad libitum from 7 to 90 d of age. Body weight and body size (d 1, 30, 60, and 90), blood (d 40 and 80), and rumen fluid (d 90) were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA procedure; fecal score was recorded daily and analyzed as repeated measures using the mixed model procedure. Results showed that diet supplemented with compound probiotics had no effects on the body weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency. At 90 d of age, diet supplemented with compound probiotics decreased the withers height. Immunity activities increased in the HP group, supported by the increased concentrations of serum total protein and immunoglobulins at 40 d of age, and by the increased activity of superoxide dismutase at 80 d of age. Diet supplemented with compound probiotics altered rumen fermentation, indicated by the decreased rumen acetic acid and propionic acid, and the increased butyric acid concentrations. Diet supplemented with compound probiotics improved the health status of calves, indicated by the decreased fecal score at 3 wk of age and the decreased medicine treatments. In summary, although diet supplemented with HP decreased the withers height, this level of probiotics is recommended to improve rumen development and health status of newborn Holstein calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhaotao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Zhibiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinjun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianci Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Binghai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huawei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Alawneh JI, Barreto MO, Moore RJ, Soust M, Al-Harbi H, James AS, Krishnan D, Olchowy TWJ. Systematic review of an intervention: the use of probiotics to improve health and productivity of calves. Prev Vet Med 2020; 183:105147. [PMID: 32977172 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of the types of probiotic formulations that are commercially available and to critically appraise the available evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics in improving the health and productivity of calves. Relevant papers were identified to answer the question: 'In calves aged between birth to one year, is the use of probiotics associated with changes in haematological or biochemical parameters, faecal bacteria counts, average daily live weight gain, dry matter intake, or feed conversion ratio?' The search of the literature yielded 67 studies that fit the primary screening criteria. Included studies were assessed for bias and confounding using a predefined risk assessment tool adapted from the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials and GRADE guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager and R. Random sequence generation was low in more than 59 % of studies. Risk of allocation concealment and performance bias were largely unclear in over 68 % of studies. Calves fed probiotics had increased average daily live weight gains (ADG) from birth to weaning (mean difference [MD] = 83.14 g/d 95 % CI = 58.36-107.91, P < 0.001) compared with calves on a control diet. Calf age reduced the level of heterogeneity of the effect of probiotics on ADG for calves between one to three weeks of age (τ2 = 73.15; I2 = 4%; P = 0.40) but not for calves older than three weeks of age (τ2 = 2892.91; I2 = 73 %; P < 0.001). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower for calves on probiotics (MD = -0.13 kg of dry matter intake (DMI) to kg of live weight (LW) gain, 95 % CI = -0.17 to -0.09, P < 0.001), and the heterogeneity of effect was large in younger aged calves (τ2 = 0.05; I2 = 78 %; P = 0.03). The risk of bias regarding the methodology in the included studies was high. The quality of evidence for each outcome was categorised as moderate. There is sufficient data to support the effectiveness of probiotic use in some applications such as for the improvement of performance and productivity parameters of calves. However, the evidence is weak for other potential probiotic uses in calves such as improved health and reduced risk of disease. Therefore, the existing data are inconclusive and do not support the use of probiotics as an alternative to antimicrobials to improve calf health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Alawneh
- Good Clinical Practice Research Group, The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia.
| | - Michelle O Barreto
- Good Clinical Practice Research Group, The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Martin Soust
- Terragen Biotech Pty Ltd., Coolum Beach, Queensland, 4573, Australia
| | - Hulayyil Al-Harbi
- Good Clinical Practice Research Group, The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Ameh S James
- Good Clinical Practice Research Group, The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Divya Krishnan
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Timothy W J Olchowy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T3R 1J3, Canada
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OJHA LAMELLA, KUMAR SACHIN, KEWALRAMANI NEELAM, SARKAR SROBANA, SINGH ABHISHEKKUMAR, TYAGI AMRISHKUMAR. Effect of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus on blood biochemical profile, antioxidant activity and plasma immunoglobulin level in neonatal Murrah buffalo calves. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i1.98217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus on blood biochemical profile, antioxidant activity and plasma immunoglobulin level in neonatal Murrah buffalo calves. The 90 day trial was conducted on 24 neonatal Murrah buffalo calves randomly divided into 4 dietary treatments, viz. CON (basal diet alone), T1 (basal diet + L. acidophilus as a fermented milk @ 100 mL/calf/day having 108 CFU/mL), T2 (basal diet + L. acidophilus as a fermented milk @ 200 mL/calf/day having 108 CFU/ml) and T3 (basal diet + L. acidophilus as a fermented milk @ 300 ml/calf/day having 108 CFU/mL). Supplementation of probiotics improved the plasma glucose level in T2 and T3 as compared to CON. Total protein (TP), plasma albumin (A), plasma globulin (G) and A:G ratio did not change with the supplementation of probiotic in calves. Total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels in plasma remained same in all the 4 groups. Total antioxidant (TA) activity was higher in T2 and T3 as compared to CON, whereas it was intermediate in T1. Super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly higher in T1, T2 and T3 groups as compared to CON whereas catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity remained same in all groups throughout experimental period. The total plasma immunoglobulin and plasma IgG remained uninfluenced in all the groups. In conclusion, supplementation of L. acidophilus improved energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity in neonatal Murrah buffalo calves.
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Cantor MC, Stanton AL, Combs DK, Costa JHC. Effect of milk feeding strategy and lactic acid probiotics on growth and behavior of dairy calves fed using an automated feeding system1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1052-1065. [PMID: 30689895 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated milk feeders offer flexibility to feed calves high milk allowances, to change the daily quantity of milk offered, and also to dispense additives like probiotics on an individual basis. Our objectives were to test the effects of 2 milk feeding protocols and a lactic acid bacterium probiotic on performance and behavior in calves. Heifer dairy calves (n = 96) were enrolled at birth in a 2 × 2 factorial study design comparing feeding (1) 2 milk feeding protocols and (2) a lactic acid bacterium-based probiotic program, or a placebo, using automated milk feeders. The early milk feeding strategy (EM) offered a maximum of 11 L/d on day 1 and a peak maximum allowance of 15 L/d on day 21. The late milk feeding strategy (LM) offered a maximum of 7 L/d on day 1 and increased slowly to its peak at 13 L/d on day 28. Both feeding strategies gradually weaned the calves after peak milk allowance until complete weaning at day 53, offering a total of 543 liters of milk. Probiotics or placebo were fed orally in a gel once after colostrum, and twice daily in the milk until weaning. Water and calf starter were provided ad libitum. The experimental period was divided into 3 periods: from day 1 on the automated feeder to day 28 (Period 1), from day 29 to day 53 (Period 2), and the week post-weaning (Period 3). For Period 1, the average daily gain (ADG) of the probiotic group was greater than that of the placebo group (0.84 ± 0.10 kg/d vs. 0.74 ± 0.10 kg/d, respectively), but was not different between milk feeding strategies. For Period 2, ADG was not affected by probiotic or milk feeding strategies. For Period 3, ADG was greater for EM compared to LM (1.27 ± 0.10 kg/d vs. 1.02 ± 0.10 kg/d, respectively), but not between probiotic and placebo groups. During the whole experimental period, LM calves consumed significantly more milk than the EM calves (431.84 ± 33.0 liters vs. 378.64 ± 34.2 liters, respectively). During Period 3, probiotics affected the frequency of visits to the calf starter feed bunk (37.72 ± 2.8 vs. 23.27 ± 2.8 visits per day for probiotic and placebo groups, respectively), but did not affect total time spent at the feed bunk. The supplementation of a lactic acid-based probiotic improved ADG during early life and altered some aspects of the feeding behavior of dairy calves. Calves receiving an early accelerated milk allowance had improved growth during post-weaning and consumed less milk in total, which may indicate better use of solid feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Cantor
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Amy L Stanton
- Next Generation Dairy Consulting, Ilderton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David K Combs
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Joao H C Costa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Astesana DM, Zimmermann JA, Frizzo LS, Zbrun MV, Blajman JE, Berisvil AP, Romero-Scharpen A, Signorini ML, Rosmini MR, Soto LP. Development and storage studies of high density macrocapsules containing Lactobacillus spp. strains as nutritional supplement in young calves. Rev Argent Microbiol 2018; 50:398-407. [PMID: 29559185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate different production methodologies of probiotic macrocapsules with high bacterial densities destined to lactating calves. Three types of capsules containing Lactobacillus casei DSPV318T and Lactobacillus plantarum DSPV354T were prepared from an overnight culture in whey medium: (1) mixing the culture with calcium alginate and then, reincubating the capsules in whey (RC); (2) concentrating the biomass by centrifugation and mixing the pellet with calcium alginate (CC) at different concentrations with respect to the initial culture (5X and 12.5X); (3) CC with cryoprotectants: whey permeate (Per) and glycerol (Gly). Chitosan coating was evaluated. Capsules were freeze-dried and viability was assessed before freezing, after freeze-drying and every two weeks for 84 days of storage at room temperature, 4°C and -20°C. CC showed higher cell densities than RC. Storage temperature affected viability: greater viability at lower temperature. Moreover, the effect of temperature was influenced by other factors, such as capsule coating, culture neutralization and cryoprotectants. Coating improved viability at room temperature; however no effect was observed at 4°C. Culture neutralization allowed greater survival during storage. Cryoprotectants improved viability during freezing, but they also generated a positive or negative effect depending on storage temperature. The best results were: at refrigeration Gly12.5X exhibited counts above 109CFU/capsule until day 70 and Per12.5X until day 56 of storage and at -20°C Gly12.5X showed counts above 109CFU/capsule until the end of the study (84 days). A 109CFU capsule is the daily dose per calf which would facilitate the administration of this probiotic inoculum to field animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Astesana
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Consejo Nacional del Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ICIVET-CONICET), Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe S3080HOF, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Zimmermann
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Consejo Nacional del Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ICIVET-CONICET), Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe S3080HOF, Argentina
| | - Laureano S Frizzo
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Consejo Nacional del Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ICIVET-CONICET), Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe S3080HOF, Argentina; Departmento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, P. Kreder 2805, Santa Fe, Esperanza 3080, Argentina
| | - María V Zbrun
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Consejo Nacional del Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ICIVET-CONICET), Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe S3080HOF, Argentina; Departmento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, P. Kreder 2805, Santa Fe, Esperanza 3080, Argentina
| | - Jesica E Blajman
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Consejo Nacional del Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ICIVET-CONICET), Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe S3080HOF, Argentina
| | - Ayelén P Berisvil
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Consejo Nacional del Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ICIVET-CONICET), Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe S3080HOF, Argentina
| | - Analía Romero-Scharpen
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Consejo Nacional del Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ICIVET-CONICET), Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe S3080HOF, Argentina
| | - Marcelo L Signorini
- Departmento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, P. Kreder 2805, Santa Fe, Esperanza 3080, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Rafaela, Ruta 34, km No. 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo R Rosmini
- Departmento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, P. Kreder 2805, Santa Fe, Esperanza 3080, Argentina
| | - Lorena P Soto
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Consejo Nacional del Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ICIVET-CONICET), Kreder 2805, Esperanza, Santa Fe S3080HOF, Argentina; Departmento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, P. Kreder 2805, Santa Fe, Esperanza 3080, Argentina
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da Silva JT, Manzoni T, Rocha NB, Santos G, Miqueo E, Slanzon GS, Bittar CMM. Evaluation of milk replacer supplemented with lysine and methionine in combination with glutamate and glutamine in dairy calves. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1436549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackeline Thais da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Manzoni
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Brito Rocha
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glauber Santos
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evangelina Miqueo
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Simão Slanzon
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Maris Machado Bittar
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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He Y, Mao C, Wen H, Chen Z, Lai T, Li L, Lu W, Wu H. Influence of ad Libitum Feeding of Piglets With Bacillus Subtilis Fermented Liquid Feed on Gut Flora, Luminal Contents and Health. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44553. [PMID: 28291252 PMCID: PMC5349548 DOI: 10.1038/srep44553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Some scholars caution that long-term ad libitum feeding with probiotic fermented food poses potential health risks to baby animals. We conducted a feeding experiment to investigate the influence of ad libitum feeding of pre-and post-weaned piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented diet on the gut microbiome, gut metabolomic profiles, bile acid metabolism, proinflammatory cytokines and faecal consistency. Compared with piglets fed a Bacillus subtilis-supplemented pellet diet, piglets fed the Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet had lower intestinal bacterial diversity (P > 0.05), higher intestinal fungal diversity (P > 0.05), more Firmicutes (P > 0.05), fewer Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria (P > 0.05), higher concentrations of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (P < 0.05), orotic acid (P < 0.05), interleukin-6 (P < 0.01), lactic acid (P < 0.01), deoxycholic acid (P > 0.05) and lithocholic acid (P < 0.01) and a higher incidence of diarrhoea (P > 0.05). The data show that ad libitum feeding of piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet during the suckling and early post-weaning periods promotes the growth of lactic acid bacteria, bile salt hydrolase-active bacteria and 7a-dehydroxylase-active bacteria in the intestinal lumen; disturbs the normal production of lactic acid, orotic acid and unconjugated bile acids; and increases circulating interleukin-6 levels and diarrhoea incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong He
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Chunxia Mao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hong Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feed Control, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tao Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huadong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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