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Feeds of animal origin in rabbit nutrition – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rabbits are classified as obligate herbivores. However, under natural conditions, some members of the family Leporidae incorporate animal products into their diets. Therefore, it seems biologically justified to supplement the diets of farmed rabbits with feeds of animal origin as sources of protein, fat and minerals. The aim of this review was to describe, from a historical perspective, the use of various feeds of animal origin in rabbit nutrition. The applicability of by-products from mammal, poultry, fish and invertebrate processing for rabbit feeding was evaluated, including the future prospects for their use. A review of the available literature revealed that various animal-based feeds can be valuable protein sources in rabbit diets, but their inclusion levels should not exceed 5-10%. Studies investigating their efficacy have been conducted since the 1970s. In some regions of the world, the use of animal-derived protein in livestock feeds was prohibited due to the risk of spreading bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). However, the interest in animal by-products as protein sources in livestock diets is likely to increase since the above ban has been lifted.
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Effect of Total Replacement of Soya Bean Meal by Whole Lupine Seeds and of Gender on the Meat Quality and Fatty Acids Profile of Growing Rabbits. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162411. [PMID: 36010410 PMCID: PMC9407098 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, the most appropriate strategy to replace soybean meal (SBM) in animal feed has been the development of diets containing locally produced protein sources. One of these sources is lupine (Lupinus spp.). The effect of the total substitution of SBM by white lupine (WL) and yellow lupine (YL) seeds in the diets of growing rabbits and of gender on meat quality and the fatty acids (FA) profile were evaluated. Sixty hybrid weaned rabbits (New Zealand × Californian) (20 rabbits per diet), were fed diets that contained 150 g/kg of SBM (SBMD) and WL (WLD) or YL (YLD) for 35 to 69 days. At the end of this period, 30 rabbits (10 rabbits per diet) were slaughtered to evaluate the carcass and meat characteristics and the FA profile of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. In general, the carcass and meat characteristics (pH and colour) were not affected (p > 0.05) by diet or gender. Further, there was no observed effect (p > 0.05) of gender on meat FA and on the calculated indexes related to human health. However, diet had an effect (p < 0.05) on the FA profile, FA categories, and calculated indexes related to human health. The meat from rabbits fed SBMD presented higher (p < 0.05) saturated FA (SFA; 44 vs. 39 g/100 g average on lupine diets) and lower (p < 0.05) polyunsaturated FA (PUFA; 24 vs. 28 g/100 g average on lupine diets). Our results showed that SBM may be completely replaced by WL or YL, improving the quality of LD muscle FA in terms of nutritional quality for humans.
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Nowakowicz-Dębek B, Wlazło Ł, Czech A, Kowalska D, Bielański P, Ryszkowska-Siwko M, Łukaszewicz M, Florek M. Effects of fermented rapeseed meal on gastrointestinal morphometry and meat quality of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Effect of total replacement of the soya bean meal by lupine seeds (L. albus and L. luteus) on performance and digestion characteristics of growing rabbits. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wlazło Ł, Kowalska D, Bielański P, Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska A, Ossowski M, Łukaszewicz M, Czech A, Nowakowicz-Dębek B. Effect of Fermented Rapeseed Meal on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Immune Status of Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030716. [PMID: 33800719 PMCID: PMC8001850 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The unique digestive properties of rabbits consist of highly specialised communities of intestinal microbes that, unfortunately, make them susceptible to metabolic diseases. This is why breeders, to improve the functions of the digestive tract, often use special feed additives, i.e., probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics. The need to become independent from soybean meal (SBM), which is currently the basic source of protein in animal nutrition, and the need to stimulate the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), has increased interest in fermented components that have a positive effect on the intestinal microbiota and are a source of valuable protein. In this study, the impact of the diversified proportion of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in the diet of rabbits on the immune parameters and the microbiota of the digestive tract was assessed. The reducing effect of the tested feed component against coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli within the small intestine and colon of animals and the anaerobic biota of Clostridium perfringens in the duodenum and cecum of animals was observed while in the duodenum—an increase in the beneficial biota of lactic acid bacteria. The conducted analysis also showed many complex correlations between the number of intestinal microbiota groups and the level of immunoglobulins. The results of the conducted research indicate that FRSM, in addition to valuable nutritional values, may play an important probiotic role in the GIT of rabbits. Research of this type is especially important in terms of reducing the use of antibiotics for therapeutic purposes through nutritional prevention of animals. Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the effect of the use of varying amounts of fermented rapeseed meal in diets for rabbits on the immune status and microbiota of segments of the GIT. Forty 35 day old rabbits used in the experiment were assigned to four groups: the control group (group C) were fed a standard diet and the experimental received 4%, 8% or 12% fermented rapeseed meal (included in place of standard soybean meal). Class A, G and M immunoglobulins were determined in the blood plasma. In the food content collected after slaughter, microbiological parameters were determined for individual sections of the digestive tract. Rabbits from the groups receiving a diet with an increased proportion of fermented rapeseed meal (8% or 12%) had lower concentrations of anaerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli in the intestinal contents. Research has shown that the increase in intake of fermented rapeseed meal was correlated with an increase in the correlations between the immunoglobulin level and the size of the microbial population in the GIT. In light of the presented results fermented rapeseed meal, by supplying valuable bioactive substances, appears to be a good component in the diet of rabbits, enhancing immune system development and helping to prevent disturbances of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wlazło
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.W.); (A.C.-K.); (B.N.-D.)
| | - Dorota Kowalska
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.O.); Tel.: +48-666-081-256 (D.K.); +48-81-445-69-85 (M.O.)
| | - Paweł Bielański
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Anna Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.W.); (A.C.-K.); (B.N.-D.)
| | - Mateusz Ossowski
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.W.); (A.C.-K.); (B.N.-D.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.O.); Tel.: +48-666-081-256 (D.K.); +48-81-445-69-85 (M.O.)
| | - Marcin Łukaszewicz
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Anna Czech
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (Ł.W.); (A.C.-K.); (B.N.-D.)
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Effect of Dietary Protein Sources Substituting Soybean Meal on Growth Performance and Meat Quality in Ducks. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010133. [PMID: 31947600 PMCID: PMC7022830 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to examine the growth performance and meat quality of Pekin ducks fed diets consisting of various protein source alternatives (groups: II-yellow lupin (YL) and rapeseed meal (RSM); III-YL and narrow-leaved lupin (NLL); IV-pea and YL; V-RSM, YL, NLL and pea) to (I) soybean meal (SBM) and RSM. Four hundred and twenty ducks were assigned to five groups with six replicates (14 birds per group). After 7 weeks, 10 ducks from each group were slaughtered. Breast muscles were analyzed for water-holding capacity, drip loss, color, and elasticity. Productivity parameters did not differ between groups I and II but were lower in V. The weight of carcass, neck with skin, skin with subcutaneous fat and total fat were highest in group II. The proportion of wings was higher in group V. In group II, lightness (L*) was higher, but redness (a*) was lower. In groups, I and III, L* was lower and a* was higher. Breast muscles contained more protein in groups I and II, more fat in groups I and III and more water in groups II and IV. The inclusion of vegetable protein alternatives to SBM in duck diets provided the best results in birds fed with YL and RSM (ratio of 1:0:31 in starter and 1:0.81 in grower).
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Kowalska D. Insects as a source of nutrients in animal feed. ROCZNIKI NAUKOWE POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA ZOOTECHNICZNEGO 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Global production of compound feed in 2018 was 1.103 billion tonnes, which was an increase
of 3% compared to 2017. To meet the needs of the growing livestock population, a further increase
in compound feed production is necessary. The need for new, alternative nutrient sources for feed
production, in order to meet the anticipated consumer demand for animal products, has led to an
increase in research on the potential uses and effects of insect-derived products, such as whole
insects or insect meals and oils. Insects appear to be one of the most promising alternatives to nutrient
sources such as soybean and fish meal, commonly used in feed for livestock and aquaculture. The
purpose of the review was to present the currently available literature on the use of insects as feed
in livestock production and to systematize it in one easy-to-read document. Particular focus has
been placed on the use of insect products for animals such as poultry, rabbits and pigs, as well as
their effect on productivity, nutrient digestibility, performance, and product quality. The results of
numerous studies suggest that insects can be a source of nutrients in feed for poultry, rabbits and
pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kowalska
- National Research Institute of Animal Production Department of Small Livestock Breeding
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Uhlířová L, Volek Z. Effect of dehulled white lupine seeds on the milk production and milk composition in rabbit does and the growth performance of their litters before weaning. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/110371/2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Effect of dietary dehulled white lupine seed supplementation on the growth, carcass traits and chemical, physical and sensory meat quality parameters of growing-fattening rabbits. Meat Sci 2018; 141:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The impact of substituting soybean meal and sunflower meal with a mixture of white lupine seeds and rapeseed meal on rabbit doe milk yield and composition, and the growth performance and carcass traits of their litters. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Attia Y, Abd El-Hamid A, de Oliveira M, Kamel K, Qota E, Al-Harthi M, Sadaka T. Soya lecithin and season affect the productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood constituents of growing rabbits. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/80344/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gugołek A, Juśkiewicz J, Strychalski J, Zwoliński C, Żary-Sikorska E, Konstantynowicz M. The effects of rapeseed meal and legume seeds as substitutes for soybean meal on productivity and gastrointestinal function in rabbits. Arch Anim Nutr 2017; 71:311-326. [PMID: 28503950 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2017.1322796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) substitution by a mixture of rapeseed meal (RSM), white lupine seeds (WLS) and pea seeds (PS) on productivity, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention and gastrointestinal function in Hyplus rabbits. The Control diet (SBM15) contained 15% SBM, whereas Diet SBM7.5 contained 7.5% SBM, 5% RSM, 4% WLS and 3% PS. In Diet SBM0, SBM was completely replaced by RSM, WLS and PS (10%, 8% and 6%, respectively). A production trial was performed on 90 Hyplus rabbits aged from 35 to 84 d (45 each sex; 953 ± 4.6 g). A digestion and balance trial was conducted on 30 rabbits. Additionally, several parameters of the gastrointestinal tracts from eight animals from each group were analysed, where special attention was paid to the enzymatic activity of microbiota and the short-chain fatty acids concentration in caecum and colon. The experimental diets did not cause significant differences regarding performance parameters evaluated in vivo and post-mortem, and in the nutrient and energy digestibility or nitrogen retention. The observed changes in the enzymatic activity of large gut microbiota, including the selective increase in secretion of glycoside hydrolases by bacterial cells, seem to be responsible for the unchanged growth performance of rabbits fed diets where SBM was substituted by a mixture of RSM, WLS and PS. The obtained results indicate that in rabbit diets SBM may be, partially or completely, successfully replaced by a feed mixture of RSM, WLS and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Gugołek
- a Department of Fur-bearing Animal Breeding and Game Management, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering , University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- b Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research , Polish Academy of Sciences , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Janusz Strychalski
- a Department of Fur-bearing Animal Breeding and Game Management, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering , University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Cezary Zwoliński
- a Department of Fur-bearing Animal Breeding and Game Management, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering , University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Ewa Żary-Sikorska
- c Department of Microbiology and Food Technology , University of Science and Technology , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Konstantynowicz
- a Department of Fur-bearing Animal Breeding and Game Management, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering , University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn , Poland
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