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Lannuzel C, Smith A, Mary A, Della Pia E, Kabel M, de Vries S. Improving fiber utilization from rapeseed and sunflower seed meals to substitute soybean meal in pig and chicken diets: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yamada H, Kubo S, Kunishige Y, Azuma H, Kotani Y, Handa S, Nakazawa M, Ueda M, Hasegawa Y, Sakamoto T. Homogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan region specificity of self-cloning vector-expressed pectin methylesterases (AoPME1-3) in Aspergillus oryzae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109894. [PMID: 34489047 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae is a safe microorganism that is commonly used in food production. We constructed a self-cloning vector capable of high expression in A. oryzae. Using the vector, three putative pectin methylesterase (PME) genes belonging to Carbohydrate Esterase family 8 derived from A. oryzae were expressed, and several characteristics of the gene products were examined. The effects of temperature and pH on the three enzymes (AoPME1, 2, and 3) were similar, with optimal reaction temperatures of 50 - 60 °C and optimal reaction pH range of 5 - 6. The specific activities of AoPME1, 2, and 3 for apple pectin were significantly different (34, 7,601, and 2 U/mg, respectively). When the substrate specificity was examined, AoPME1 showed high activity towards pectin derived from soybean and pea. Although AoPME2 showed little activity towards these pectins, it showed very high activity towards apple- and citrus-derived pectins. AoPME3 showed low specific activity towards all substrates tested. Sugar composition analysis revealed that apple- and citrus-derived pectins were rich in homogalacturonan, while soybean- and pea-derived pectins were rich in xylogalacturonan. When pea pectin was treated with endo-polygalacturonase or endo-xylogalacturonase in the presence of each PME, specific synergistic actions were observed (endo-polygalacturonase with AoPME1 or AoPME2 and endo-xylogalacturonase with AoPME1 or AoPME3). Thus, AoPME1 and AoPME3 hydrolyzed the methoxy group in xylogalacturonan. This is the first report of this activity in microbial enzymes. Our findings on the substrate specificity of PMEs should lead to the determination of the distribution of methoxy groups in pectin and the development of new applications in the field of food manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamada
- General Research Laboratory, Ozeki Corporation, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8227, Japan
| | - Shoko Kubo
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuika Kunishige
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hotaru Azuma
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuka Kotani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Satoshi Handa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masami Nakazawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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Kirsch R, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y. How the rice weevil breaks down the pectin network: Enzymatic synergism and sub-functionalization. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 71:72-82. [PMID: 26899322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is the most complex polysaccharide in nature and highly abundant in plant cell walls and middle lamellae, where it functions in plant growth and development. Phytopathogens utilize plant pectin as an energy source through enzyme-mediated degradation. These pectolytic enzymes include polygalacturonases (PGs) of the GH28 family and pectin methylesterases (PMEs) of the CE8 family. Recently, PGs were also identified in herbivorous insects of the distantly related plant bug, stick insect and Phytophaga beetle lineages. Unlike all other insects, weevils possess PMEs in addition to PGs. To investigate pectin digestion in insects and the role of PMEs in weevils, all PME and PG family members of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae were heterologously expressed and functionally characterized. Enzymatically active and inactive PG and PME family members were identified. The loss of activity can be explained by a lack of substrate binding correlating with substitutions of functionally important amino acid residues. We found subfunctionalization in both enzyme families, supported by expression pattern and substrate specificities as well as evidence for synergistic pectin breakdown. Our data suggest that the rice weevil might be able to use pectin as an energy source, and illustrates the potential of both PG and PME enzyme families to functionally diversify after horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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Rozeboom HJ, Beldman G, Schols HA, Dijkstra BW. Crystal structure of endo-xylogalacturonan hydrolase fromAspergillus tubingensis. FEBS J 2013; 280:6061-9. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henriëtte J. Rozeboom
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute; University of Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Beldman
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; The Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; The Netherlands
| | - Bauke W. Dijkstra
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute; University of Groningen; The Netherlands
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Yapo BM. Pectic substances: From simple pectic polysaccharides to complex pectins—A new hypothetical model. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Westphal Y, Schols HA, Voragen AGJ, Gruppen H. MALDI-TOF MS and CE-LIF Fingerprinting of plant cell wall polysaccharide digests as a screening tool for arabidopsis cell wall mutants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4644-52. [PMID: 20345181 DOI: 10.1021/jf100283b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall materials derived from leaves and hypocotyls of Arabidopsis mutant and wild type plants have been incubated with a mixture of pure and well-defined pectinases, hemicellulases, and cellulases. The resulting oligosaccharides have been subjected to MALDI-TOF MS and CE-LIF analysis. MALDI-TOF MS analysis provided a fast overview of all oligosaccharides released, whereas CE-LIF-measurements enabled separation and characterization of many oligosaccharides under investigation. Both methods have been validated with leaf material of known mutant Arabidopsis plants and were shown to be able to discriminate mutant from wild type plants. Downscaling of the MALDI-TOF MS and CE-LIF approaches toward the hypocotyl level was established, and the performance of MALDI-TOF MS and CE-LIF was shown in the successful recognition of the Arabidopsis mutant gaut13 as an interesting candidate for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Westphal
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Westphal Y, Schols H, Voragen A, Gruppen H. Introducing porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering and mass spectrometry detection into cell wall oligosaccharide analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:689-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ralet MC, Lerouge P, Quéméner B. Mass spectrometry for pectin structure analysis. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1798-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Coenen GJ, Kabel MA, Schols HA, Voragen AGJ. CE-MSn of complex pectin-derived oligomers. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2101-11. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The pectic enzymes are a diverse group of enzymes that collectively degrade pectin, a mixture of highly heterogeneous and branched polysaccharides rich in D: -galacturonic acids forming a major component of the primary cell wall of plants. This review covers key enzymes that function to deconstruct the "ramified region" of pectin. The enzymes include glycoside hydrolases and polysaccharide lyases that degrade complex pectic domains consisting of rhamnogalacturonans, xylogalacturonans, and other heterogeneous polymers. The chemical nature of the pectic substrates for the enzymes is presented. The biochemical properties of the enzymes, the mechanisms of enzyme actions, and related structures and functions, are described. Applications of these enzymes in fruit juice processing and in the production of bioactive compounds, as well as their technological relevance to the deconstruction of cell wall structures for biomass conversion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Wong
- Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Zandleven J, Sørensen SO, Harholt J, Beldman G, Schols HA, Scheller HV, Voragen AJ. Xylogalacturonan exists in cell walls from various tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:1219-26. [PMID: 17336350 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented for the presence of xylogalacturonan (XGA) in Arabidopsis thaliana. This evidence was obtained by extraction of pectin from the seeds, root, stem, young leaves and mature leaves of A. thaliana, followed by treatment of these pectin extracts with xylogalacturonan hydrolase (XGH). Upon enzymatic treatment, XGA oligosaccharides were primarily produced from pectin extracts obtained from the young and mature leaves and to a lesser extent from those originating from the stem of A. thaliana. The oligosaccharide GalA(3)Xyl was predominantly formed from these pectin extracts. No XGA oligosaccharides were detected in digests of pectin extracts from the seeds and roots. A low number of XGA oligosaccharides was obtained from pectins of A. thaliana. This indicates a uniform distribution of xylose in XGA from A. thaliana. The predominant production of GalA(3)Xyl, as well as the release of linear GalA oligosaccharides pointed to a lower degree of xylose substitution in XGA from A. thaliana than in XGA from apple and potato. The estimated amount of XGA accounted for approximately 2.5%, 7% and 6% (w/w) of the total carbohydrate in the pectin fraction of the stem, young leaves and mature leaves, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Zandleven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Martens-Uzunova E, Zandleven J, Benen J, Awad H, Kools H, Beldman G, Voragen A, Van Den Berg J, Schaap P. A new group of exo-acting family 28 glycoside hydrolases of Aspergillus niger that are involved in pectin degradation. Biochem J 2006; 400:43-52. [PMID: 16822232 PMCID: PMC1635439 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Aspergillus niger is an industrial producer of pectin-degrading enzymes. The recent solving of the genomic sequence of A. niger allowed an inventory of the entire genome of the fungus for potential carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. By applying bioinformatics tools, 12 new genes, putatively encoding family 28 glycoside hydrolases, were identified. Seven of the newly discovered genes form a new gene group, which we show to encode exoacting pectinolytic glycoside hydrolases. This group includes four exo-polygalacturonan hydrolases (PGAX, PGXA, PGXB and PGXC) and three putative exo-rhamnogalacturonan hydrolases (RGXA, RGXB and RGXC). Biochemical identification using polygalacturonic acid and xylogalacturonan as substrates demonstrated that indeed PGXB and PGXC act as exo-polygalacturonases, whereas PGXA acts as an exo-xylogalacturonan hydrolase. The expression levels of all 21 genes were assessed by microarray analysis. The results from the present study demonstrate that exo-acting glycoside hydrolases play a prominent role in pectin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S. Martens-Uzunova
- *Section Fungal Genomics, Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris S. Zandleven
- †Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaques A. E. Benen
- *Section Fungal Genomics, Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanem Awad
- †Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie J. Kools
- *Section Fungal Genomics, Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Beldman
- †Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alphons G. J. Voragen
- †Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Van Den Berg
- *Section Fungal Genomics, Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schaap
- *Section Fungal Genomics, Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Enzymatic degradation studies of xylogalacturonans from apple and potato, using xylogalacturonan hydrolase. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zandleven J, Beldman G, Bosveld M, Benen J, Voragen A. Mode of action of xylogalacturonan hydrolase towards xylogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan oligosaccharides. Biochem J 2006; 387:719-25. [PMID: 15560751 PMCID: PMC1135002 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
XGH (xylogalacturonan hydrolase; GH 28) is an enzyme that is capable of degrading XGA (xylogalacturonan), which is a polymer of alpha-D-galacturonic acid, highly substituted with beta-D-xylose. XGA is present in cell walls of various plants and exudates, such as gum tragacanth. XGA oligosaccharides were derived from an XGH digestion of gum tragacanth, then fractionated, and analysed for their sugar composition and structure by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS and nanospray MS. Several oligosaccharides from XGA were identified with different galacturonic acid/xylose ratios including five oligosaccharide isomers. Although XGH can act as an endo-enzyme, product-progression profiling showed that the disaccharide GalAXyl was predominantly produced from XGA by XGH, which indicated also an exolytic action. The latter was further supported by degradation studies of purified oligosaccharide GalA4Xyl3. It was shown that XGH acted from the non-reducing end towards the reducing end of this oligosaccharide, and showed the processive character of XGH. The results from this study further show that although XGH prefers to act between two xylosidated GalA units, it tolerates unsubstituted GalA units in its -1 and +1 subsites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Zandleven
- *Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Beldman
- *Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| | - Margaret Bosveld
- *Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaques Benen
- †Section Fungal Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alphons Voragen
- *Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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