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Robertson KV, Rodriguez AS, Cartailler JP, Shrestha S, Schroeder KR, Valenti AM, Harrison FE, Hasty AH. Knockdown of microglial iron import gene, DMT1, worsens cognitive function and alters microglial transcriptional landscape in a sex-specific manner in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer's disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4559940. [PMID: 38978579 PMCID: PMC11230470 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4559940/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Microglial cell iron load and inflammatory activation are significant hallmarks of late-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro, microglia preferentially upregulate the iron importer, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1, gene name Slc11a2) in response to inflammatory stimuli, and excess iron can augment cellular inflammation, suggesting a feed-forward loop between iron import mechanisms and inflammatory signaling. However, it is not understood whether microglial iron import mechanisms directly contribute to inflammatory signaling and chronic disease in vivo. These studies determined the effects of microglial-specific knockdown of Slc11a2 on AD-related cognitive decline and microglial transcriptional phenotype. Methods In vitro experiments and RT-qPCR were used to assess a role for DMT1 in amyloid-β-associated inflammation. To determine the effects of microglial Slc11a2 knockdown on AD-related phenotypes in vivo, triple-transgenic Cx3cr1 Cre - ERT2 ;Slc11a2 flfl;APP/PS1 + or - mice were generated and administered corn oil or tamoxifen to induce knockdown at 5-6 months of age. Both sexes underwent behavioral analyses to assess cognition and memory (12-15 months of age). Hippocampal CD11b + microglia were magnetically isolated from female mice (15-17 months) and bulk RNA-sequencing analysis was conducted. Results DMT1 inhibition in vitro robustly decreased Aβ-induced inflammatory gene expression and cellular iron levels in conditions of excess iron. In vivo, Slc11a2 KD APP/PS1 female, but not male, mice displayed a significant worsening of memory function in Morris water maze and a fear conditioning assay, along with significant hyperactivity compared to control WT and APP/PS1 mice. Hippocampal microglia from Slc11a2 KD APP/PS1 females displayed significant increases in Enpp2, Ttr, and the iron-export gene, Slc40a1, compared to control APP/PS1 cells. Slc11a2 KD cells from APP/PS1 females also exhibited decreased expression of markers associated with disease-associated microglia (DAMs), such as Apoe, Ctsb, Csf1, and Hif1α. Conclusions This work suggests a sex-specific role for microglial iron import gene Slc11a2 in propagating behavioral and cognitive phenotypes in the APP/PS1 model of AD. These data also highlight an association between loss of a DAM-like phenotype in microglia and cognitive deficits in Slc11a2 KD APP/PS1 female mice. Overall, this work illuminates an iron-related pathway in microglia that may serve a protective role during disease and offers insight into mechanisms behind disease-related sex differences.
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Loveridge KM, Sigala PA. Identification of a divalent metal transporter required for cellular iron metabolism in malaria parasites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.587216. [PMID: 38798484 PMCID: PMC11118319 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.587216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites invade and multiply inside red blood cells (RBCs), the most iron-rich compartment in humans. Like all cells, P. falciparum requires nutritional iron to support essential metabolic pathways, but the critical mechanisms of iron acquisition and trafficking during RBC infection have remained obscure. Parasites internalize and liberate massive amounts of heme during large-scale digestion of RBC hemoglobin within an acidic food vacuole (FV) but lack a heme oxygenase to release porphyrin-bound iron. Although most FV heme is sequestered into inert hemozoin crystals, prior studies indicate that trace heme escapes biomineralization and is susceptible to non-enzymatic degradation within the oxidizing FV environment to release labile iron. Parasites retain a homolog of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), a known mammalian iron transporter, but its role in P. falciparum iron acquisition has not been tested. Our phylogenetic studies indicate that P. falciparum DMT1 (PfDMT1) retains conserved molecular features critical for metal transport. We localized this protein to the FV membrane and defined its orientation in an export-competent topology. Conditional knockdown of PfDMT1 expression is lethal to parasites, which display broad cellular defects in iron-dependent functions, including impaired apicoplast biogenesis and mitochondrial polarization. Parasites are selectively rescued from partial PfDMT1 knockdown by supplementation with exogenous iron, but not other metals. These results support a cellular paradigm whereby PfDMT1 is the molecular gatekeeper to essential iron acquisition by blood-stage malaria parasites and suggest that therapeutic targeting of PfDMT1 may be a potent antimalarial strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade M. Loveridge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Paul A. Sigala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Gao Y, Liu S, Huang Y, Li F, Zhang Y. Regulation of anti-tumor immunity by metal ion in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379365. [PMID: 38915413 PMCID: PMC11194341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal ions play an essential role in regulating the functions of immune cells by transmitting intracellular and extracellular signals in tumor microenvironment (TME). Among these immune cells, we focused on the impact of metal ions on T cells because they can recognize and kill cancer cells and play an important role in immune-based cancer treatment. Metal ions are often used in nanomedicines for tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss seven metal ions related to anti-tumor immunity, elucidate their roles in immunotherapy, and provide novel insights into tumor immunotherapy and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxin Gao
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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You S, Xu J, Guo Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Sun G, Sun Y. E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 as a promising therapeutic target for diverse human diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101257. [PMID: 38430667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases have emerged in recent years as critical regulators of cellular homeostasis due to their roles in targeting substrate proteins for ubiquitination and triggering subsequent downstream signals. In this review, we describe the multiple roles of WWP2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase with unique and important functions in regulating a wide range of biological processes, including DNA repair, gene expression, signal transduction, and cell-fate decisions. As such, WWP2 has evolved to play a key role in normal physiology and diseases, such as tumorigenesis, skeletal development and diseases, immune regulation, cardiovascular disease, and others. We attempt to provide an overview of the biochemical, physiological, and pathophysiological roles of WWP2, as well as open questions for future research, particularly in the context of putative therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yushan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility, National Health Commission, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Agyeman-Duah E, Okonkwo CC, Ujor VC. Microbial removal of nutrients from anaerobic digestate: assessing product-coupled and non-product-coupled approaches. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1299402. [PMID: 38146449 PMCID: PMC10749329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1299402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although anaerobic digestate contains >90% water, the high nutrient content of digestate makes it economically and technically intractable to treatment by existing wastewater treatment technologies. This study separately assessed the feasibility of nutrient removal from digestate by Rhizopus delemar DSM 905 and a culture of phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs). With Rhizopus delemar DSM 905, we investigated concomitant nutrient removal from digestate-supplemented medium and fumaric acid production, as a potentially economical strategy for digestate treatment. Following the cultivation of R. delemar DSM 905 in a fermentation medium containing 25% (v/v) digestate, the concentrations of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn reduced 40, 12, 74, 96, 12, 26, 23%, ~18, and 28%, respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, phosphate (PO4-P), ammonium (NH4-N), nitrate (NO3-N), and sulfur decreased 93, 88, 97, 98, 69, and 13%, respectively. Concomitantly, cultures supplemented with 25 and 15% (v/v) digestate produced comparable titers of fumarate (~11 and ~ 17 g/L, respectively) to the digestate un-supplemented control cultures. With PAOs, we assessed the removal of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, PO4-P, and NH4-N, of which the concentrations reduced 86, 90%, ~99, and 100%, respectively in 60% (v/v) digestate. This study provides additional bases for microbial removal of excess nutrients from anaerobic digestate, with the potential to engender future water recovery from this waste stream that is currently largely recalcitrant to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agyeman-Duah
- Fermentation Science and Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christopher C. Okonkwo
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME, United States
| | - Victor C. Ujor
- Fermentation Science and Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Zhong M, Zhou B. Plasmodium yoelii iron transporter PyDMT1 interacts with host ferritin and is required in full activity for malarial pathogenesis. BMC Biol 2023; 21:279. [PMID: 38049852 PMCID: PMC10696721 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid reproduction of malaria parasites requires proper iron uptake. However, the process of iron absorption by parasites is rarely studied. Divalent metal transporter (DMT1) is a critical iron transporter responsible for uptaking iron. A homolog of human DMT1 exists in the malaria parasite genome, which in Plasmodium yoelii is hereafter named PyDMT1. RESULTS PyDMT1 knockout appears to be lethal. Surprisingly, despite dwelling in an iron-rich environment, the parasite cannot afford to lose even partial expression of PyDMT1; PyDMT1 hypomorphs were associated with severe growth defects and quick loss of pathogenicity. Iron supplementation could completely suppress the defect of the PyDMT1 hypomorph during in vitro culturing. Genetic manipulation through host ferritin (Fth1) knockout to increase intracellular iron levels enforced significant growth inhibition in vivo on the normal parasites but not the mutant. In vitro culturing with isolated ferritin knockout mouse erythrocytes completely rescued PyDMT1-hypomorph parasites. CONCLUSION A critical iron requirement of malaria parasites at the blood stage as mediated by this newly identified iron importer PyDMT1, and the iron homeostasis in malarial parasites is finely tuned. Tipping the iron balance between the parasite and host will efficiently kill the pathogenicity of the parasite. Lastly, PyDMT1 hypomorph parasites were less sensitive to the action of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Cheng HLM. A primer on in vivo cell tracking using MRI. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1193459. [PMID: 37324153 PMCID: PMC10264782 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1193459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell tracking by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a collection of multiple advantages over other imaging modalities, including high spatial resolution, unlimited depth penetration, 3D visualization, lack of ionizing radiation, and the potential for long-term cell monitoring. Three decades of innovation in both contrast agent chemistry and imaging physics have built an expansive array of probes and methods to track cells non-invasively across a diverse range of applications. In this review, we describe both established and emerging MRI cell tracking approaches and the variety of mechanisms available for contrast generation. Emphasis is given to the advantages, practical limitations, and persistent challenges of each approach, incorporating quantitative comparisons where possible. Toward the end of this review, we take a deeper dive into three key application areas - tracking cancer metastasis, immunotherapy for cancer, and stem cell regeneration - and discuss the cell tracking techniques most suitable to each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Synthesis, spectroscopic, and molecular interaction study of lead(II) complex of DL-alanine using experimental techniques and quantum chemical calculations. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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9
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Tolerability of Oral Supplementation with Microencapsulated Ferric Saccharate Compared to Ferrous Sulphate in Healthy Premenopausal Woman: A Crossover, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012282. [PMID: 36293136 PMCID: PMC9603338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-center, crossover, randomized, double-blind, and controlled clinical study was conducted to assess the tolerability profile, especially with regard to gastrointestinal complaints, of oral supplementation with AB-Fortis®, a microencapsulated ferric saccharate (MFS), as compared with conventional ferrous sulphate (FS) in healthy premenopausal women. A dose of 60 mg/day of elemental iron was used. The test products were administered for 14 consecutive days with a washout period of two menstrual episodes and a minimum of one month between the two intervention periods. The subjects completed simple-to-answer questionnaires daily for 14 days during both the intervention and the washout periods, capturing the symptoms associated with oral iron supplementation and overall health aspects. Following product consumption, the incidences of symptoms, numbers of complaints/symptoms, overall intensity, and total days with symptoms were found to be significantly higher for FS consumption as compared to MFS. The better tolerability profile of MFS over FS was further substantiated when both products were compared to a real-life setting (i.e., the washout period). Overall, the administration of both study products was safe with no serious or significant adverse events reported. In summary, the current study shows the better tolerability of the MFS preparation when compared to that of the FS, presenting MFS as a well-tolerated and safe option for improving iron nutrition.
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Jiang L, Shen M, Bao Y, Qian Z. Verapamil downregulates iron uptake and upregulates divalent metal transporter 1 expression in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:985-991. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology Fudan University School of Pharmacy Shanghai China
| | - Meng‐Qi Shen
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine Nantong University Nantong China
| | - Yu‐Xin Bao
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China
| | - Zhong‐Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology Fudan University School of Pharmacy Shanghai China
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine Nantong University Nantong China
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11
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Takahashi A. Role of zinc and copper in erythropoiesis in patients on hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 2022; 32:650-657. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Iron overload impairs renal function and is associated with vascular calcification in rat aorta. Biometals 2022; 35:1325-1339. [PMID: 36178540 PMCID: PMC9674728 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) has been associated with a risk of cardiovascular diseases. Iron may play a critical role in progressive VC. Therefore, we investigated the effects of iron overload on the aorta of rats. A rat model of iron overload was established by intraperitoneal injection of Iron-Dextran. The levels of iron, calcium, and ALP activity were detected. Von Kossa staining and Perl's staining were conducted. The expression of iron metabolism-related and calcification related factors were examined in the aortic tissue of rats. The results showed serum and aortic tissue iron were increased induced by iron overload and excessive iron induced hepatic and renal damage. In iron overload rats, the expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and hepcidin were higher, but ferroportin1 (FPN1) was lower. Von Kossa staining demonstrated calcium deposition in the aorta of iron overload rats. The calcium content and ALP activity in serum and aortic tissue were increased and iron level in aortic tissue highly correlated with calcium content and ALP activity. The expressions of the osteogenic markers were increased while a decrease of Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the aortic tissue of iron overload rats. IL-24 was increased during the calcification process induced by iron. Overall, we demonstrated excessive iron accumulation in the aortic tissue and induced organs damage. The iron metabolism-related factors were significantly changed during iron overload. Moreover, we found that iron overload leads to calcium deposition in aorta, playing a key role in the pathological process of VC by mediating osteoblast differentiation factors.
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Ginefra P, Carrasco Hope H, Spagna M, Zecchillo A, Vannini N. Ionic Regulation of T-Cell Function and Anti-Tumour Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413668. [PMID: 34948472 PMCID: PMC8705279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of T cells to identify and kill cancer cells has become a central pillar of immune-based cancer therapies. However, T cells are characterized by a dysfunctional state in most tumours. A major obstacle for proper T-cell function is the metabolic constraints posed by the tumour microenvironment (TME). In the TME, T cells compete with cancer cells for macronutrients (sugar, proteins, and lipid) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals/ions). While the role of macronutrients in T-cell activation and function is well characterized, the contribution of micronutrients and especially ions in anti-tumour T-cell activities is still under investigation. Notably, ions are important for most of the signalling pathways regulating T-cell anti-tumour function. In this review, we discuss the role of six biologically relevant ions in T-cell function and in anti-tumour immunity, elucidating potential strategies to adopt to improve immunotherapy via modulation of ion metabolism.
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Genotoxic Effects of Aluminum Chloride and Their Relationship with N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea (NMU)-Induced Breast Cancer in Sprague Dawley Rats. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020031. [PMID: 32325967 PMCID: PMC7355831 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, soluble forms of aluminum for human use or consumption have been determined to be potentially toxic due to their association with hepatic, neurological, hematological, neoplastic, and bone conditions. This study aims to assess the genotoxic effect of aluminum chloride on genomic instability associated with the onset of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced breast cancer in Sprague Dawley rats. The dietary behavior of the rats was assessed, and the concentration of aluminum in the mammary glands was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Genomic instability was determined in the histological sections of mammary glands stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Moreover, micronucleus in peripheral blood and comet assays were performed. The results of dietary behavior evaluation indicated no significant differences between the experimental treatments. However, aluminum concentration in breast tissues was high in the +2000Al/−NMU treatment. This experimental treatment caused moderate intraductal cell proliferation, lymph node hyperplasia, and serous gland adenoma. Furthermore, micronucleus and comet test results revealed that +2000Al/−NMU led to a genotoxic effect after a 10-day exposure and the damage was more evident after a 15-day exposure. Therefore, in conclusion, genomic instability is present and the experimental conditions assessed are not associated with breast cancer.
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Yarosz EL, Ye C, Kumar A, Black C, Choi EK, Seo YA, Chang CH. Cutting Edge: Activation-Induced Iron Flux Controls CD4 T Cell Proliferation by Promoting Proper IL-2R Signaling and Mitochondrial Function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:1708-1713. [PMID: 32122995 PMCID: PMC7329364 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron has long been established as a critical mediator of T cell development and proliferation. However, the mechanisms by which iron controls CD4 T cell activation and expansion remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that stimulation of CD4 T cells from C57BL/6 mice not only decreases total and labile iron levels but also leads to changes in the expression of iron homeostatic machinery. Additionally, restraining iron availability in vitro severely inhibited CD4 T cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Although modulating cellular iron levels increased IL-2 production by activated T lymphocytes, CD25 expression and pSTAT5 levels were decreased, indicating that iron is necessary for IL-2R-mediated signaling. We also found that iron deprivation during T cell stimulation negatively impacts mitochondrial function, which can be reversed by iron supplementation. In all, we show that iron contributes to activation-induced T cell expansion by positively regulating IL-2R signaling and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Yarosz
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Chenxian Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Chauna Black
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Eun-Kyung Choi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Young-Ah Seo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Cheong-Hee Chang
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
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Expression of iron-regulators in the bone tissue of rats with and without iron overload. Biometals 2018; 31:749-757. [PMID: 30027360 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, more and more studies indicate that iron overload would cause osteopenia or osteoporosis. However, the molecular mechanism of it remains unclear. Moreover, very little is known about the iron metabolism in bone tissue at present. Therefore, the mRNA expression of iron-regulators, transferrin receptor1 (Tfr1), divalent metal transporter1 (Dmt1 + IRE and Dmt1 - IRE), ferritin (FtH and FtL), and ferroportin1 (Ireg1), and the localization of ferroportin1 protein were examined in the bone tissue of rats. In addition, the mRNA expression of each gene was compared between groups of rats with and without iron overload. The results showed that ferroportin1 protein was localized in the cytoplasm of osteoblast, osteocyte, chondrocyte and osteoclast of rats' femur. The six iron-regulatory genes, Tfr1, ferritin (FtH and FtL), (Dmt1 + IRE and Dmt1 - IRE) and ferroportin1 (Ireg1), were found in femurs of rats. In addition, significantly up-regulated expression of FtH and FtL mRNA, and markedly down-regulated expression of Tfr1, Dmt1 + IRE and Ireg1 mRNA, were observed in the iron overload group compared with the control group. The result indicates that ferroportin1 protein is localized in the cytoplasm of bone cells of rats. Tfr1, Dmt1, ferritin and ferroportin1 exist in bone tissue of rats, and they may be involved in the pathological process of iron overload-induced bone lesion.
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Ambachew S, Biadgo B. Hepcidin in Iron Homeostasis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Acta Haematol 2017; 138:183-193. [PMID: 29136618 DOI: 10.1159/000481391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in epidemic proportions worldwide. Evidence suggests body iron overload is frequently linked and observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. Body iron metabolism is based on iron conservation and recycling by which only a part of the daily need is replaced by duodenal absorption. The principal liver-produced peptide called hepcidin plays a fundamental role in iron metabolism. It directly binds to ferroportin, the sole iron exporter, resulting in the internalization and degradation of ferroportin. However, inappropriate production of hepcidin has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications, based on the regulation and expression in iron-abundant cells. Underexpression of hepcidin results in body iron overload, which triggers the production of reactive oxygen species simultaneously thought to play a major role in diabetes pathogenesis mediated both by β-cell failure and insulin resistance. Increased hepcidin expression results in increased intracellular sequestration of iron, and is associated with the complications of type 2 diabetes. Besides, hepcidin concentrations have been linked to inflammatory cytokines, matriptase 2, and chronic hepatitis C infection, which have in turn been reported to be associated with diabetes by several approaches. Either hepcidin-targeted therapy alone or as adjunctive therapy with phlebotomy, iron chelators, or dietary iron restriction may be able to alter iron parameters in diabetic patients. Therefore, measuring hepcidin may improve differential diagnosis and the monitoring of disorders of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Ambachew
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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18
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Bayhan T, Ünal Ş, Çırak E, Erdem O, Akay C, Gürsel O, Eker İ, Karabulut E, Gümrük F. Heavy metal levels in patients with ineffective erythropoiesis. Transfus Apher Sci 2017; 56:539-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Gao G, Zhang N, Wang YQ, Wu Q, Yu P, Shi ZH, Duan XL, Zhao BL, Wu WS, Chang YZ. Mitochondrial Ferritin Protects Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Neuronal Cell Damage. Aging Dis 2017; 8:458-470. [PMID: 28840060 PMCID: PMC5524808 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and iron accumulation are tightly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial ferritin (FtMt) is identified as an iron-storage protein located in the mitochondria, and its role in regulation of iron hemeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases has been reported. However, the role of FtMt in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress and iron accumulation in neuronal cells has not been studied. Here, we overexpressed FtMt in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and induced oxidative stress by treating with extracellular H2O2. We found that overexpression of FtMt significantly prevented cell death induced by H2O2, particularly the apoptosis-dependent cell death. The protective effects involved inhibiting the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species, sustaining mitochondrial membrane potential, maintaining the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and inhibiting the activation of pro-apoptotic protein caspase 3. We further explored the mechanism of these protective effects and found that FtMt expression markedly altered iron homeostasis of the H2O2 treated cells as compared to that of controls. The FtMt overexpression significantly reduced cellular labile iron pool (LIP) and protected H2O2-induced elevation on LIP. While in H2O2 treated SH-SY5Y cells, the increased iron uptake and reduced iron release, in correlation with levels of DMT1(-IRE) and ferroportin 1, resulted in heavy iron accumulation, the FtMt overexpressing cells didn’t show any significant changes in levels of iron transport proteins and in the level of LIP. These results implicate a neuroprotective role of FtMt on H2O2-induced oxidative stress, which may provide insights into the treatment of iron accumulation associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofen Gao
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Yue-Qi Wang
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Shi
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Xiang-Lin Duan
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Bao-Lu Zhao
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Wen-Shuang Wu
- 2The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
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Zhang CW, Tai YK, Chai BH, Chew KCM, Ang ET, Tsang F, Tan BWQ, Hong ETE, Asad ABA, Chuang KH, Lim KL, Soong TW. Transgenic Mice Overexpressing the Divalent Metal Transporter 1 Exhibit Iron Accumulation and Enhanced Parkin Expression in the Brain. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:375-386. [PMID: 28695462 PMCID: PMC5570798 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to divalent metals such as iron and manganese is thought to increase the risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). Under normal circumstances, cellular iron and manganese uptake is regulated by the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Accordingly, alterations in DMT1 levels may underlie the abnormal accumulation of metal ions and thereby disease pathogenesis. Here, we have generated transgenic mice overexpressing DMT1 under the direction of a mouse prion promoter and demonstrated its robust expression in several regions of the brain. When fed with iron-supplemented diet, DMT1-expressing mice exhibit rather selective accumulation of iron in the substantia nigra, which is the principal region affected in human PD cases, but otherwise appear normal. Alongside this, the expression of Parkin is also enhanced, likely as a neuroprotective response, which may explain the lack of phenotype in these mice. When DMT1 is overexpressed against a Parkin null background, the double-mutant mice similarly resisted a disease phenotype even when fed with iron- or manganese-supplemented diet. However, these mice exhibit greater vulnerability toward 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity. Taken together, our results suggest that iron accumulation alone is not sufficient to cause neurodegeneration and that multiple hits are required to promote PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wu Zhang
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yee Kit Tai
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Bing-Han Chai
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Katherine C M Chew
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Eng-Tat Ang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Fai Tsang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Bryce W Q Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Eugenia T E Hong
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Abu Bakar Ali Asad
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), A*STAR, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC), A*STAR, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- LSI Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, NUS, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- LSI Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, NUS, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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Maternal protein restriction depresses the duodenal expression of iron transporters and serum iron level in male weaning piglets. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:923-929. [PMID: 28534724 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of maternal dietary protein restriction on offspring Fe metabolism, twenty-four second-parity Landrace×Yorkshire sows were randomly allocated to standard-protein (SP) and low-protein (LP) groups. The SP sows were fed diets containing 15 and 18 % crude protein throughout pregnancy and lactation, respectively, whereas the LP sows were subjected to 50 % dietary protein restriction. Offspring birth weight was not affected, but the body weight at weaning (P=0·06) and average daily gain (P=0·01) of the female piglets were significantly decreased. Serum Fe level in the LP piglets was markedly decreased at weaning, especially in males (P=0·03). Serum ferritin level (P=0·08) tended to be lower, yet serum transferrin was greatly higher (P=0·01) in male weaning piglets of the LP group. Duodenal expression of the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin (FPN) was surprisingly reduced (P<0·05) at the level of protein, but not at the mRNA level, in male weaning piglets of the LP group. Male weaning piglets born to the LP sows exhibited higher hepatic hepcidin levels (P=0·09), lower hepatic expression of transferrin (P<0·01) and transferrin receptor 1 (P<0·05) at the level of mRNA. However, no significant differences were observed for hepatic Fe storage, ferritin, transferrin and transferrin receptor 1 protein expression in male weaning piglets of the two groups. These results indicate that maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation influences growth of female offspring at weaning, reduces duodenal expression of Fe transporters (DMT1 and FPN) and decreases serum Fe level in male weaning piglets.
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Wani AL, Ahmad A, Shadab GGHA, Usmani JA. Possible role of zinc in diminishing lead-related occupational stress-a zinc nutrition concern. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8682-8691. [PMID: 28204951 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead and zinc are mostly present at the same occupational source and usually found as co-contaminants. Lead is known to associate with detrimental effects to humans. Zinc however is an essential nutrient and its deficiency causes debilitating effects on growth and development. Besides, it acts as core ion of important enzymes and proteins. The purpose of this study was to examine if zinc concentrations are associated with blood lead levels and if zinc may prevent lead-induced DNA damage. Blood samples were collected from 92 workers as participants occupationally exposed to lead or lead and zinc and 38 comparison participants having no history of such exposure. Lead and zinc levels were determined from blood by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and genetic damage was assessed by comet assay. Correlation was calculated by Spearman's rho. Lead concentrations were observed to increase among workers with increase in years of exposure. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in blood lead levels between workers and controls. In addition, significant difference (p < 0.001) in the genetic damage was observed among workers and controls. A clear effect of increased occupational exposure was visible among workers. Multiple regression analysis further reveals the positive effect of lead, while as the inverse effect of zinc on DNA damage. The results suggest that zinc may influence body lead absorption and may have a role in preventing the genetic damage caused by lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Latif Wani
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicology Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, 202002, India.
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - G G H A Shadab
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicology Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Jawed Ahmad Usmani
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, 202002, India
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Rychtarcikova Z, Lettlova S, Tomkova V, Korenkova V, Langerova L, Simonova E, Zjablovskaja P, Alberich-Jorda M, Neuzil J, Truksa J. Tumor-initiating cells of breast and prostate origin show alterations in the expression of genes related to iron metabolism. Oncotarget 2017; 8:6376-6398. [PMID: 28031527 PMCID: PMC5351639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of iron in the growth and progression of tumors has been widely documented. In this report, we show that tumor-initiating cells (TICs), represented by spheres derived from the MCF7 cell line, exhibit higher intracellular labile iron pool, mitochondrial iron accumulation and are more susceptible to iron chelation. TICs also show activation of the IRP/IRE system, leading to higher iron uptake and decrease in iron storage, suggesting that level of properly assembled cytosolic iron-sulfur clusters (FeS) is reduced. This finding is confirmed by lower enzymatic activity of aconitase and FeS cluster biogenesis enzymes, as well as lower levels of reduced glutathione, implying reduced FeS clusters synthesis/utilization in TICs. Importantly, we have identified specific gene signature related to iron metabolism consisting of genes regulating iron uptake, mitochondrial FeS cluster biogenesis and hypoxic response (ABCB10, ACO1, CYBRD1, EPAS1, GLRX5, HEPH, HFE, IREB2, QSOX1 and TFRC). Principal component analysis based on this signature is able to distinguish TICs from cancer cells in vitro and also Leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) from non-LICs in the mouse model of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Majority of the described changes were also recapitulated in an alternative model represented by MCF7 cells resistant to tamoxifen (TAMR) that exhibit features of TICs. Our findings point to the critical importance of redox balance and iron metabolism-related genes and proteins in the context of cancer and TICs that could be potentially used for cancer diagnostics or therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biological Transport
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Iron/metabolism
- Iron Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- MCF-7 Cells
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria/enzymology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Phenotype
- Principal Component Analysis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Rychtarcikova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Lettlova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Tomkova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Korenkova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Langerova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ekaterina Simonova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Polina Zjablovskaja
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiri Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaroslav Truksa
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tunca E, Aydın M, Şahin Ü. Interactions and accumulation differences of metal(loid)s in three sea cucumber species collected from the Northern Mediterranean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21020-21031. [PMID: 27488716 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted on Holothuria polii, Holothuria tubulosa, and Holothuria mammata collected from five stations with different depths in the Northern Mediterranean Sea. The body walls and guts of these holothurians were examined in terms of interactions of 10 metals (iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)) and one metalloid (arsenic (As)) using a multivariate analysis, and interspecies differences were determined. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed significant differences between the species in terms of metal(loid) accumulations. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed a more association between H. tubulosa and H. polii with regard to the accumulation. The cluster analysis (CA) located Pb concentrations of the guts to the farthest place from all elements regardless of the species. A correlation analysis displayed that the element concentrations of the guts were more closely related to each other compared with those of the walls. The most inconsistent element in terms of correlations was the gut Fe contents. Accordingly, while Fe concentrations of H. mammata and H. tubulosa were correlated with all elements (except Pb) in divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) (divalent cation transporter 1 (DCT1) or natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 (NRAMP2)) belonging to the NRAM protein family, this was not the case in H. polii. Consequently, significant relationships between accumulated metal(loid)s that changed by tissues and sea cucumber species were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Tunca
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ordu University, 52400, Fatsa, Ordu, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Aydın
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ordu University, 52400, Fatsa, Ordu, Turkey
| | - ÜlküAlver Şahin
- Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Asthma as a disruption in iron homeostasis. Biometals 2016; 29:751-79. [PMID: 27595579 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over several decades, asthma has evolved from being recognized as a single disease to include a diverse group of phenotypes with dissimilar natural histories, pathophysiologies, responses to treatment, and distinctive molecular pathways. With the application of Occam's razor to asthma, it is proposed that there is one cause underlying the numerous phenotypes of this disease and that the responsible molecular pathway is a deficiency of iron in the lung tissues. This deficiency can be either absolute (e.g. asthma in the neonate and during both pregnancy and menstruation) or functional (e.g. asthma associated with infections, smoking, and obesity). Comparable associations between asthma co-morbidity (e.g. eczema, urticaria, restless leg syndrome, and pulmonary hypertension) with iron deficiency support such a shared mechanistic pathway. Therapies directed at asthma demonstrate a capacity to impact iron homeostasis, further strengthening the relationship. Finally, pathophysiologic events producing asthma, including inflammation, increases in Th2 cells, and muscle contraction, can correlate with iron availability. Recognition of a potential association between asthma and an absolute and/or functional iron deficiency suggests specific therapeutic interventions including inhaled iron.
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Jung EY, Park Y, Woo MJ, Lee SH, Suh HJ. Hematopoietic effect of fermented deer antler extract in iron deficient diet-induced anemic rats. Chin J Integr Med 2016:10.1007/s11655-016-2598-7. [PMID: 27465425 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the hematopoietic effects of fermented deer antler extract using a dietinduced anemic animal model to facilitate the utilization of fermented deer antler extract and its derived products. METHODS Thirty 3-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 5 weeks. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups and treated as follows: control, saline; NFA200, non-fermented deer antler extract 200 mg/kg; NFA500, non-fermented deer antler extract 500 mg/kg; FAB200, fermented deer antler extract 200 mg/kg; FAB500, fermented deer antler extract 500 mg/kg; and PC, heme iron 0.2 mg/kg. Blood parameters, iron content in the liver and spleen, hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) activity and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) mRNA expression were analyzed. RESULTS No detectable significant differences were observed in blood parameters among groups. The decrease in the hepatic ALAD activity in anemic rats was significantly improved by fermented deer antler extract supplementation (P<0.05); however, non-fermented deer antler extract supplementation did not result in a significant improvement (P>0.05). The hepatic DMT1 mRNA expression level was increased significantly by supplementation with both the fermented deer antler extract and the non-fermented deer antler extract in a dose-dependent manner compared with nontreatment in anemic rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The hematopoietic activity induced by deer antler extract in dietinduced anemic rats might be increased through the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jung
- Department of Home Economic Education, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooheon Park
- Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jea Woo
- Kwang-Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Siheung, 14980, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Kwang-Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Siheung, 14980, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Air pollution particles and iron homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2816-25. [PMID: 27217087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism underlying biological effects, including pro-inflammatory outcomes, of particles deposited in the lung has not been defined. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A disruption in iron homeostasis follows exposure of cells to all particulate matter including air pollution particles. Following endocytosis, functional groups at the surface of retained particle complex iron available in the cell. In response to a reduction in concentrations of requisite iron, a functional deficiency can result intracellularly. Superoxide production by the cell exposed to a particle increases ferrireduction which facilitates import of iron with the objective being the reversal of the metal deficiency. Failure to resolve the functional iron deficiency following cell exposure to particles activates kinases and transcription factors resulting in a release of inflammatory mediators and inflammation. Tissue injury is the end product of this disruption in iron homeostasis initiated by the particle exposure. Elevation of available iron to the cell precludes deficiency of the metal and either diminishes or eliminates biological effects. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Recognition of the pathway for biological effects after particle exposure to involve a functional deficiency of iron suggests novel therapies such as metal supplementation (e.g. inhaled and oral). In addition, the demonstration of a shared mechanism of biological effects allows understanding the common clinical, physiological, and pathological presentation following exposure to disparate particles. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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28
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Ni H, Zhang LEL, Ren SY, Sun BL. Long-term expression of zinc transporters in hippocampus following penicillin-induced developmental seizures and its regulation by E-64d. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:208-214. [PMID: 27347040 PMCID: PMC4906967 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of developmental seizure-induced brain damage. The present study aimed to examine whether E-64d, an autophagy inhibitor, was able to facilitate developmental seizure-induced hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting, in particular sprouting-associated zinc transporter signals. Recurrent seizures were induced by penicillin every other day in Sprague-Dawley rats from postnatal day 21 (P21). Rats were randomly assigned into the control group (CONT), recurrent seizure group (RS) and the seizure plus E-64d group (E64D). The expression levels of beclin-1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 were analyzed at 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h after the last seizures using western blot analysis. At P51, mossy fiber sprouting and the mRNA expression levels of zinc transporter 2 (ZnT-2), ZnT-4, ZnT-5, ZnT-6, ZnT-7, divalent cation transporter 1, Zrt-Irt-like protein 6 (ZIP-6), ZIP-7, cathepsin D and cathepsin L in the rat hippocampus were assessed using Timm staining and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. Reduced hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting were detected in the E-64d-treated rats compared with the non-treated control. In parallel with these observations, there was a marked reduction in the mRNA expression levels of ZnT-4 at P51 in the E-64d-treated rat hippocampus compared with the non-treated seizure group. Linear correlation analysis showed significant inter-relationship among ZIP-7, ZnT-4, ZnT-5, ZnT-7, cathepsin D and cathepsin L. These results indicate that the ZnT-4/ZIP-7/cathepsin signaling pathway serves a crucial function in the neuroprotective effects of E-64d. Thus, E-64d may offer a novel strategy for the development of therapeutic interventions for developmental seizure-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ni
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - LE-Ling Zhang
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Shou-Yun Ren
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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Schreinemachers DM, Ghio AJ. Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Cellular Iron Homeostasis and Ultimate Links to Human Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2016; 10:35-43. [PMID: 26966372 PMCID: PMC4782969 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s36225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic disease has increased in the past several decades, and environmental pollutants have been implicated. The magnitude and variety of diseases may indicate the malfunctioning of some basic mechanisms underlying human health. Environmental pollutants demonstrate a capability to complex iron through electronegative functional groups containing oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Cellular exposure to the chemical or its metabolite may cause a loss of requisite functional iron from intracellular sites. The cell is compelled to acquire further iron critical to its survival by activation of iron-responsive proteins and increasing iron import. Iron homeostasis in the exposed cells is altered due to a new equilibrium being established between iron-requiring cells and the inappropriate chelator (the pollutant or its catabolite). Following exposure to environmental pollutants, the perturbation of functional iron homeostasis may be the mechanism leading to adverse biological effects. Understanding the mechanism may lead to intervention methods for this major public health concern.
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da Silva BP, Matyelka JCDS, Moreira MEDC, Toledo RCL, Della Lucia CM, Pinheiro-Sant'Ana HM, Martino HSD. A high fat diet does not affect the iron bioavailability in Wistar rats fed with chia and increases gene expression of iron metabolism proteins. Food Funct 2016; 7:4861-4868. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00759g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of chia on the iron bioavailability and gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism in animals fed with a high fat diet and a standard diet.
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Feldman A, Aigner E, Weghuber D, Paulmichl K. The Potential Role of Iron and Copper in Pediatric Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:287401. [PMID: 26273604 PMCID: PMC4529901 DOI: 10.1155/2015/287401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a rapidly growing health problem and is paralleled by a multitude of comorbidities, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD has become the most common chronic liver disease in both adults and children. The current understanding of NAFLD is still fragmentary. While simple steatosis is characterized by the interplay between excessive free fatty acid accumulation and hepatic insulin resistance, the progression to NASH has been related to oxidative stress and a proinflammatory state with dysbalanced adipokine, cytokine levels, and endotoxin-mediated immune response. In addition, oxidative stress has been suggested to play a central role for the sequelae leading to NASH. Trace elements are critical in regulatory, immunologic, and antioxidant functions resulting in protection against inflammation and peroxidation and consequently against the known comorbidities of obesity. Disruptions of the metal detoxification processes located in the liver are plausibly related to NAFLD development via oxidative stress. Perturbations of iron and copper (Cu) homeostasis have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review presents current data from pediatric studies. In addition, data from adult studies are summarized where clinical relevance may be extrapolated to pediatric obesity and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Feldman
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Paulmichl
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Spinal Peroxynitrite Contributes to Remifentanil-induced Postoperative Hyperalgesia via Enhancement of Divalent Metal Transporter 1 without Iron-responsive Element–mediated Iron Accumulation in Rats. Anesthesiology 2015; 122:908-20. [PMID: 25501899 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Hyperalgesia is one of the negative consequences following intraoperative analgesia with remifentanil. Peroxynitrite is a critical determinant in nociceptive process. Peroxynitrite inactivates iron-sulfur cluster that results in mitochondrial dysfunction and the release of iron, leading to mitochondrial iron accumulation. Iron accumulation mediated by divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) plays a key role in N-methyl-d-aspartate neurotoxicity. This study aims to determine whether peroxynitrite contributes to remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia via DMT1-mediated iron accumulation.
Methods:
Behavior testing was performed in rat model at different time points. Three-nitrotyrosine, nitrated manganese superoxide dismutase, and DMT1 with/without iron-responsive element [DMT1(+)IRE and DMT1(-)IRE] in spinal cord were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Spinal iron concentration was measured using the Perl stain and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Hydrogen-rich saline imparting selectivity for peroxynitrite decomposition and iron chelator was applied in mechanistic study on the roles of peroxynitrite and iron, as well as the prevention of hyperalgesia.
Results:
Remifentanil induced thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia at postoperative 48 h. Compared with control, there were higher levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (mean ± SD, hyperalgesia vs. control, 1.22 ± 0.18 vs. 0.25 ± 0.05, n = 4), nitrated manganese superoxide dismutase (1.01 ± 0.1 vs. 0.19 ± 0.03, n = 4), DMT1(-)IRE (1.42 ± 0.19 vs. 0.33 ± 0.06, n = 4), and iron concentration (12.87 ± 1.14 vs. 5.26 ± 0.61 μg/g, n = 6) in remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia, while DMT1(+)IRE was unaffected. Eliminating peroxynitrite with hydrogen-rich saline protected against hyperalgesia and attenuated DMT1(-)IRE overexpression and iron accumulation. Iron chelator prevented hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusions:
Our study identifies that spinal peroxynitrite activates DMT1(-)IRE, leading to abnormal iron accumulation in remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia, while providing the rationale for the development of molecular hydrogen and “iron-targeted” therapies.
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Ndfip1 attenuated 6-OHDA–induced iron accumulation via regulating the degradation of DMT1. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1183-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Robinson JC, Graham BB, Rouault TC, Tuder RM. The crossroads of iron with hypoxia and cellular metabolism. Implications in the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:721-9. [PMID: 24988529 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0021tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathologic hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is pulmonary vascular remodeling, characterized by endothelial cell proliferation, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and perivascular inflammation, ultimately contributing to increased pulmonary arterial pressures. Several recent studies have observed that iron deficiency in patients with various forms of PAH is associated with worsened clinical outcome. Iron plays a key role in many cellular processes regulating the response to hypoxia, oxidative stress, cellular proliferation, and cell metabolism. Given the potential importance of iron supplementation in patients with the disease and the broad cellular functions of iron, we review its role in processes that pertain to PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Robinson
- 1 Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
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Ettinger AS, Bovet P, Plange-Rhule J, Forrester TE, Lambert EV, Lupoli N, Shine J, Dugas LR, Shoham D, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Cooper RS, Luke A. Distribution of metals exposure and associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the "Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study". Environ Health 2014; 13:90. [PMID: 25374160 PMCID: PMC4240881 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metals are known endocrine disruptors and have been linked to cardiometabolic diseases via multiple potential mechanisms, yet few human studies have both the exposure variability and biologically-relevant phenotype data available. We sought to examine the distribution of metals exposure and potential associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the "Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study" (METS), a prospective cohort study designed to assess energy balance and change in body weight, diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in five countries at different stages of social and economic development. METHODS Young adults (25-45 years) of African descent were enrolled (N = 500 from each site) in: Ghana, South Africa, Seychelles, Jamaica and the U.S.A. We randomly selected 150 blood samples (N = 30 from each site) to determine concentrations of selected metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury) in a subset of participants at baseline and to examine associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) metal concentrations (μg/L) were: arsenic 8.5 (7.7); cadmium 0.01 (0.8); lead 16.6 (16.1); and mercury 1.5 (5.0). There were significant differences in metals concentrations by: site location, paid employment status, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, and fish intake. After adjusting for these covariates plus age and sex, arsenic (OR 4.1, 95% C.I. 1.2, 14.6) and lead (OR 4.0, 95% C.I. 1.6, 9.6) above the median values were significantly associated with elevated fasting glucose. These associations increased when models were further adjusted for percent body fat: arsenic (OR 5.6, 95% C.I. 1.5, 21.2) and lead (OR 5.0, 95% C.I. 2.0, 12.7). Cadmium and mercury were also related with increased odds of elevated fasting glucose, but the associations were not statistically significant. Arsenic was significantly associated with increased odds of low HDL cholesterol both with (OR 8.0, 95% C.I. 1.8, 35.0) and without (OR 5.9, 95% C.I. 1.5, 23.1) adjustment for percent body fat. CONCLUSIONS While not consistent for all cardiometabolic disease markers, these results are suggestive of potentially important associations between metals exposure and cardiometabolic risk. Future studies will examine these associations in the larger cohort over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne S Ettinger
- />Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric & Environmental Epidemiology, Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, 1 Church St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Pascal Bovet
- />Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 10, route de la Corniche, Lausanne, CH-1010 Switzerland
- />Unit for the Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Health, Victoria, Mahe Seychelles
| | - Jacob Plange-Rhule
- />Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Ghana
- />St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Terrence E Forrester
- />UWI Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies Mona, 25 West Road, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- />Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7725 South Africa
| | - Nicola Lupoli
- />Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - James Shine
- />Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Lara R Dugas
- />Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - David Shoham
- />Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Ramon A Durazo-Arvizu
- />Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Richard S Cooper
- />Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Amy Luke
- />Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
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Ding D, Salvi R, Roth JA. Cellular localization and developmental changes of the different isoforms of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) in the inner ear of rats. Biometals 2013; 27:125-34. [PMID: 24318355 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is generally considered to be the major transmembrane protein responsible for the uptake of a variety of divalent cations. Four isoforms of DMT1 have been identified in mammalian cells encoded by a single gene that differ both in their N- and C-terminal sequences with two mRNA isoforms possessing an iron response element (IRE) motif downstream from the stop codon on the message. Two distinct promoter sites regulate production of the 1A or 1B isoforms (translation starts at exon 2) for both the +IRE or -IRE species of the transporter resulting in the generation of four distinct configurations of this protein. Prior studies from our laboratory using cochlear organotypic cultures isolated from postnatal day three rats (P3) have demonstrated that Mn causes significant and selective damage to sensory hair cells and auditory nerve fibers and spiral ganglion neurons in a time and concentration dependent manner. Since DMT1 plays a critical role in controlling the uptake of a variety of essential and toxic metals into the cochlea, we compared the distribution and developmental changes of the 1A, +IRE and -IRE isoforms in rat inner ear. Results reveal that all three isoforms of DMT1 are selectively expressed in different cell populations within the cochlea and, additionally, demonstrate their cellular and subcellular distribution changes with development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalian Ding
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA,
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Hagemeier J, Geurts JJG, Zivadinov R. Brain iron accumulation in aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 12:1467-80. [PMID: 23237353 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the decades, various studies have established an association between accumulation of iron and both aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Excess levels of iron can lead to increased oxidative stress through Fenton chemistry, and depletion of iron can similarly have deleterious effects. In addition, metal ions are known to be involved in both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease protein aggregation. Metal ion chelators have been extensively investigated in preclinical models, and may prove to be appropriate for modulating brain iron levels in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Investigating age-related iron deposition is vital, and can possibly aid in determining at-risk groups and diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases at an early stage. Novel imaging methods have enabled researchers to examine iron deposition in vivo, and offer a noninvasive method of monitoring the progression of accumulation, and possible therapeutic effects of chelating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hagemeier
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Tang S, Allagadda V, Chibli H, Nadeau JL, Mayer GD. Comparison of cytotoxicity and expression of metal regulatory genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver cells exposed to cadmium sulfate, zinc sulfate and quantum dots. Metallomics 2013; 5:1411-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Farina M, Avila DS, da Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: a focus on iron, manganese and mercury. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:575-94. [PMID: 23266600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Essential metals are crucial for the maintenance of cell homeostasis. Among the 23 elements that have known physiological functions in humans, 12 are metals, including iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Nevertheless, excessive exposure to these metals may lead to pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration. Similarly, exposure to metals that do not have known biological functions, such as mercury (Hg), also present great health concerns. This review focuses on the neurodegenerative mechanisms and effects of Fe, Mn and Hg. Oxidative stress (OS), particularly in mitochondria, is a common feature of Fe, Mn and Hg toxicity. However, the primary molecular targets triggering OS are distinct. Free cationic iron is a potent pro-oxidant and can initiate a set of reactions that form extremely reactive products, such as OH. Mn can oxidize dopamine (DA), generating reactive species and also affect mitochondrial function, leading to accumulation of metabolites and culminating with OS. Cationic Hg forms have strong affinity for nucleophiles, such as -SH and -SeH. Therefore, they target critical thiol- and selenol-molecules with antioxidant properties. Finally, we address the main sources of exposure to these metals, their transport mechanisms into the brain, and therapeutic modalities to mitigate their neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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The role of metal regulatory proteins in brain oxidative stress: a tutorial. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:981561. [PMID: 23304261 PMCID: PMC3529505 DOI: 10.1155/2012/981561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The proteins that regulate the metabolism of a metal must also play a role in regulating the redox activity of the metal. Metals are intrinsic to a substantial number of biological processes and the proteins that regulate those activities are also considerable in number. The role these proteins play in a wide range of physiological processes involves them directly and indirectly in a variety of disease processes. Similarly, it may be therapeutically advantageous to pharmacologically alter the activity of these metal containing proteins to influence disease processes. This paper will introduce the reader to a number of important proteins in both metal metabolism and oxidative stress, with an emphasis on the brain. Potential pharmacological targets will be considered.
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Hansen JB, Tonnesen MF, Madsen AN, Hagedorn PH, Friberg J, Grunnet LG, Heller RS, Nielsen AØ, Størling J, Baeyens L, Anker-Kitai L, Qvortrup K, Bouwens L, Efrat S, Aalund M, Andrews NC, Billestrup N, Karlsen AE, Holst B, Pociot F, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Divalent metal transporter 1 regulates iron-mediated ROS and pancreatic β cell fate in response to cytokines. Cell Metab 2012; 16:449-61. [PMID: 23000401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to target-cell damage in inflammatory and iron-overload diseases. Little is known about iron transport regulation during inflammatory attack. Through a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we show that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β induces divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) expression correlating with increased β cell iron content and ROS production. Iron chelation and siRNA and genetic knockdown of DMT1 expression reduce cytokine-induced ROS formation and cell death. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the absence of cytokines in Dmt1 knockout islets is defective, highlighting a physiological role of iron and ROS in the regulation of insulin secretion. Dmt1 knockout mice are protected against multiple low-dose streptozotocin and high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance, models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Thus, β cells become prone to ROS-mediated inflammatory damage via aberrant cellular iron metabolism, a finding with potential general cellular implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bondo Hansen
- Center for Medical Research Methodology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Taube F. Manganese in occupational arc welding fumes--aspects on physiochemical properties, with focus on solubility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 57:6-25. [PMID: 22997412 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties, such as particle sizes, composition, and solubility of welding fumes are decisive for the bioaccessibility of manganese and thereby for the manganese cytotoxic and neurotoxic effects arising from various welding fumes. Because of the diverse results within the research on welding fume solubility, this article aims to review and discuss recent literature on physicochemical properties of gas metal arc welding, shielded metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding fumes, with focus on solubility properties. This article also presents a short introduction to the literature on arc welding techniques, health effects from manganese, and occupational exposure to manganese among welders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Taube
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Box 414, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Zhang Z, Kodumuru V, Sviridov S, Liu S, Chafeev M, Chowdhury S, Chakka N, Sun J, Gauthier SJ, Mattice M, Ratkay LG, Kwan R, Thompson J, Cutts AB, Fu J, Kamboj R, Goldberg YP, Cadieux JA. Discovery of benzylisothioureas as potent divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pantopoulos K, Porwal SK, Tartakoff A, Devireddy L. Mechanisms of mammalian iron homeostasis. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5705-24. [PMID: 22703180 DOI: 10.1021/bi300752r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is vital for almost all organisms because of its ability to donate and accept electrons with relative ease. It serves as a cofactor for many proteins and enzymes necessary for oxygen and energy metabolism, as well as for several other essential processes. Mammalian cells utilize multiple mechanisms to acquire iron. Disruption of iron homeostasis is associated with various human diseases: iron deficiency resulting from defects in the acquisition or distribution of the metal causes anemia, whereas iron surfeit resulting from excessive iron absorption or defective utilization causes abnormal tissue iron deposition, leading to oxidative damage. Mammals utilize distinct mechanisms to regulate iron homeostasis at the systemic and cellular levels. These involve the hormone hepcidin and iron regulatory proteins, which collectively ensure iron balance. This review outlines recent advances in iron regulatory pathways as well as in mechanisms underlying intracellular iron trafficking, an important but less studied area of mammalian iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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45
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Li YQ, Bai B, Cao XX, Zhang YH, Yan H, Zheng QQ, Zhuang GH. Divalent metal transporter 1 expression and regulation in human placenta. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 146:6-12. [PMID: 21947861 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is likely responsible for the release of iron from endosomes to the cytoplasm in placental syncytiotrophoblasts (STB). To determine the localization and the regulation of DMT1 expression by iron directly in placenta, the expression of DMT1 in human term placental tissues and BeWo cells (human placental choriocarcinoma cell line) was detected and the change in expression in response to different iron treatments on BeWo cells was observed. DMT1 was shown to be most prominent near the maternal side in human term placenta and predominantly in the cytoplasm of BeWo cells. BeWo cells were treated with desferrioxamine (DFO) and human holotransferrin (hTf-2Fe) and it was found that both DMT1 mRNA and protein increased significantly with DFO treatment and decreased with hTf-2Fe treatment. Further, DMT1 mRNA responded more significantly to treatments if it possessed an iron-responsive element than mRNA without this element. This study indicated that DMT1 is likely involved in endosomal iron transport in placental STB and placental DMT1 + IRE expression was primarily regulated by the IRE/IRP mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qin Li
- Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Sonnweber T, Ress C, Nairz M, Theurl I, Schroll A, Murphy AT, Wroblewski V, Witcher DR, Moser P, Ebenbichler CF, Kaser S, Weiss G. High-fat diet causes iron deficiency via hepcidin-independent reduction of duodenal iron absorption. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1600-8. [PMID: 22444869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with disorders of iron homeostasis; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Hepcidin is a key regulator of iron metabolism and may be responsible for obesity-driven iron deficiency. Herein, we used an animal model of diet-induced obesity to study high-fat-diet-induced changes in iron homeostasis. C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks, and in addition, half of the mice received high dietary iron (Fe+) for the last 2 weeks. Surprisingly, HFD led to systemic iron deficiency which was traced back to reduced duodenal iron absorption. The mRNA and protein expressions of the duodenal iron transporters Dmt1 and Tfr1 were significantly higher in HFD- than in SD-fed mice, indicating enterocyte iron deficiency, whereas the mRNA levels of the duodenal iron oxidoreductases Dcytb and hephaestin were lower in HFD-fed mice. Neither hepatic and adipose tissue nor serum hepcidin concentrations differed significantly between SD- and HFD-fed mice, whereas dietary iron supplementation resulted in increased hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression and serum hepcidin levels in SD as compared to HFD mice. Our study suggests that HFD results in iron deficiency which is neither due to intake of energy-dense nutrient poor food nor due to increased sequestration in the reticulo-endothelial system but is the consequence of diminished intestinal iron uptake. We found that impaired iron absorption is independent of hepcidin but rather results from reduced metal uptake into the mucosa and discordant oxidoreductases expressions despite enterocyte iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Cadieux JA, Zhang Z, Mattice M, Brownlie-Cutts A, Fu J, Ratkay LG, Kwan R, Thompson J, Sanghara J, Zhong J, Goldberg YP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted pyrazoles as blockers of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:90-5. [PMID: 22154351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Three distinct series of substituted pyrazole blockers of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) were elaborated from the high-throughput screening pyrazolone hit 1. Preliminary hit-to-lead efforts revealed a preference for electron-withdrawing substituents in the 4-amido-5-hydroxypyrazole series 6a-l. In turn, this preference was more pronounced in a series of 4-aryl-5-hydroxypyrazoles 8a-j. The representative analogs 6f and 12f were found to be efficacious in a rodent model of acute iron hyperabsorption. These three series represent promising starting points for lead optimization efforts aimed at the discovery of DMT1 blockers as iron overload therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Cadieux
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5G 4W8.
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48
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Tong WH, Sourbier C, Kovtunovych G, Jeong SY, Vira M, Ghosh M, Romero VV, Sougrat R, Vaulont S, Viollet B, Kim YS, Lee S, Trepel J, Srinivasan R, Bratslavsky G, Yang Y, Linehan WM, Rouault TA. The glycolytic shift in fumarate-hydratase-deficient kidney cancer lowers AMPK levels, increases anabolic propensities and lowers cellular iron levels. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:315-27. [PMID: 21907923 PMCID: PMC3174047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the TCA cycle enzyme, fumarate hydratase (FH), drives a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis in FH-deficient kidney tumors and cell lines from patients with hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell cancer (HLRCC), resulting in decreased levels of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and p53 tumor suppressor, and activation of the anabolic factors, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and ribosomal protein S6. Reduced AMPK levels lead to diminished expression of the DMT1 iron transporter, and the resulting cytosolic iron deficiency activates the iron regulatory proteins, IRP1 and IRP2, and increases expression of the hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α. Silencing of HIF-1α or activation of AMPK diminishes invasive activities, indicating that alterations of HIF-1α and AMPK contribute to the oncogenic growth of FH-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hang Tong
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole Sourbier
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gennady Kovtunovych
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suh Young Jeong
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Manish Vira
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Manik Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vladimir Valera Romero
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachid Sougrat
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR8104), Paris, France
- Inserm U 1016, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR8104), Paris, France
- Inserm U 1016, Paris, France
| | - Yeong-Sang Kim
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jane Trepel
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramaprasad Srinivasan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Youfeng Yang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey A. Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kurz T, Eaton JW, Brunk UT. The role of lysosomes in iron metabolism and recycling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1686-97. [PMID: 21907822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is the most abundant transition metal in the earth's crust. It cycles easily between ferric (oxidized; Fe(III)) and ferrous (reduced; Fe(II)) and readily forms complexes with oxygen, making this metal a central player in respiration and related redox processes. However, 'loose' iron, not within heme or iron-sulfur cluster proteins, can be destructively redox-active, causing damage to almost all cellular components, killing both cells and organisms. This may explain why iron is so carefully handled by aerobic organisms. Iron uptake from the environment is carefully limited and carried out by specialized iron transport mechanisms. One reason that iron uptake is tightly controlled is that most organisms and cells cannot efficiently excrete excess iron. When even small amounts of intracellular free iron occur, most of it is safely stored in a non-redox-active form in ferritins. Within nucleated cells, iron is constantly being recycled from aged iron-rich organelles such as mitochondria and used for construction of new organelles. Much of this recycling occurs within the lysosome, an acidic digestive organelle. Because of this, most lysosomes contain relatively large amounts of redox-active iron and are therefore unusually susceptible to oxidant-mediated destabilization or rupture. In many cell types, iron transit through the lysosomal compartment can be remarkably brisk. However, conditions adversely affecting lysosomal iron handling (or oxidant stress) can contribute to a variety of acute and chronic diseases. These considerations make normal and abnormal lysosomal handling of iron central to the understanding and, perhaps, therapy of a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Kurz
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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50
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Ni H, Li C, Feng X, Cen JN. Effects of forced running exercise on cognitive function and its relation to zinc homeostasis-related gene expression in rat hippocampus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 142:704-12. [PMID: 20703826 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary exercise has been implicated to be beneficial for overall health and cognitive function in both clinical and experimental studies, but little is presently known about forced physical exercise on cognition and underlying molecular mechanism. We have used real-time RT-PCR to analyze gene expression in hippocampus, in the presence and absence of physical exercise, during spatial learning of rats in the Morris water maze. Our results show distinct zinc homeostasis-related gene expression profiles associated with learning and memory. Rats with physical exercise (EXP) showed a significant up-regulation of mRNA expression of zinc transporter-2 (ZnT-2), ZnT-4, ZnT-5, ZnT-6, and ZnT-7, metallothionein-1 (MT-1)-MT-3, divalent cation transporter-1, and Zrt-Irt-like proteins-7 in hippocampus when compared with control rats. In addition, spatial learning ability was improved in EXP rats compared with that in control group. This study provides the first comparative view of zinc homeostasis-related gene expression in hippocampus following forced physical exercise. These results suggested that forced physical exercise may provide a simple means to maintain brain function and promote learning capacity. Results of this study also suggest that exercise mobilizes zinc homeostasis-related gene expression profiles that would be predicted to benefit brain plasticity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ni
- Neurology Laboratory, The Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No.303, Jingde Road, 215003 Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
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