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Logan AA, Nielsen BD, Hallock DB, Robison CI, Popovich JM. Evaluation of within- and between- session 1 reliability of the TekscanTM Hoof System with a glue-on shoe. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103862. [PMID: 34979263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A current trend in equine research is technology development to minimize the subjective nature of gait analysis. One such technology is the Tekscan Hoof System, which records force and area loaded by the hooves during motion. The objective of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability of the Tekscan Hoof System between two sessions, and the recordings within those sessions. Four mature Standardbred geldings wore Tekscan Hoof System sensors on both front hooves, secured by glue-on shoes (SoundHorse Technologies). Horses were exercised in AM and PM sessions. In each session, horses walked and trotted for 3 recordings of at least 10 steps. Statistical analysis was performed in SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of gait, horse, leg, and recording nested within session (significance at P ≤ 0.05). Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC; 3,k) and confidence intervals between AM and PM sessions and recordings were calculated with SPSS. Average force and area were higher in AM sessions than PM sessions (P < 0.0001). Between AM and PM sessions, ICC for the walk had good reliability (0.959, 95% CI = 0.797 - 0.992) and excellent reliability at the trot (0.982, 95% CI = 0.911-0.996). Within the AM and PM sessions, reliability was excellent at both the walk and trot (ICCs > 0.962). The Tekscan Hoof System has been found to have excellent reliability within sessions. Caution should be taken when comparing between sessions, as the system is found to have lower force and area output during later sessions due to potential sensor damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Logan
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - Cara I Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - John M Popovich
- Department of Osteopathic Surgical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Söhnel K, Andrada E, de Lussanet MHE, Wagner H, Fischer MS, Rode C. Single limb dynamics of jumping turns in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:69-78. [PMID: 34411999 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maneuverability is of paramount importance for many animals, e.g., in predator-prey interactions. Despite this fact, quadrupedal limb behavior in complicated maneuvers like simultaneous jumping and turning are not well studied. Twenty adult sport Border Collies were recorded while jumping over an obstacle and simultaneously turning. Kinetic and kinematic data were captured in synchrony using eight force plates and sixteen infrared cameras. These dogs were familiar with the task through regular participation in the dog sport agility. The experiments revealed that during landing, higher lateral forces acting in the forelimbs compared to hindlimbs. During landing, the outer limbs produced about twice the inner limbs' force in both vertical and lateral directions, showing their dominant contribution to turning. Advanced dogs showed significantly higher lateral impulse and stronger inner-outer limb asymmetry regarding lateral impulses than beginner dogs, leading to significantly stronger turning for advanced dogs. Somewhat unexpected, skill effects rarely explained global limb dynamics, indicating that landing a turn jump is a constrained motion. Constrained motions leave little space for individual techniques suggesting that the results can be generalized to quadrupedal turn jumps in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Söhnel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Emanuel Andrada
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc H E de Lussanet
- Institut für Sportwissenschaften, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Horstmarer Landweg 62b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Institut für Sportwissenschaften, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Horstmarer Landweg 62b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin S Fischer
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Rode
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Rostock, Ulmenstraße 69, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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Byström A, Hardeman AM, Serra Bragança FM, Roepstorff L, Swagemakers JH, van Weeren PR, Egenvall A. Differences in equine spinal kinematics between straight line and circle in trot. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12832. [PMID: 34145339 PMCID: PMC8213771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Work on curved tracks, e.g. on circles, is commonplace within all forms of horse training. Horse movements in circles are naturally asymmetric, including the load distribution between inner and outer limbs. Within equestrian dressage the horse is expected to bend the back laterally to follow the circle, but this has never been studied scientifically. In the current study 12 horses were measured (optical motion capture, 100 Hz) trotting on left and right circles and on the straight without rider (soft surface). Data from markers placed along the spine indicated increased lateral bending to the inside (e.g. left bending on the left circle) of the thoracolumbar back (difference left circle vs. straight − 3.75°; right circle + 3.61°) and the neck (left − 5.23°; right + 4.80° vs. straight). Lateral bending ROM increased on the circle (+ 0.87° and + 0.62°). Individual variation in straight-circle differences was evident, but each horse was generally consistent over multiple trials. Differences in back movements between circle and straight were generally small and may or may not be visible, but accompanying changes in muscle activity and limb movements may add to the visual impression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Byström
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A M Hardeman
- Tierklinik Luesche GmbH, Essenerstrasse 39a, 49456, Luesche, Germany.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F M Serra Bragança
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J H Swagemakers
- Tierklinik Luesche GmbH, Essenerstrasse 39a, 49456, Luesche, Germany
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Effects of Racing Surface and Turn Radius on Fatal Limb Fractures in Thoroughbred Racehorses. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
North American Thoroughbred racing is conducted on three types of surfaces—dirt, turf, and synthetic. The tracks are oval, and races are run counterclockwise. The loading on right and left limbs is expected to differ as a function of turn radius, banking, surface, and gait asymmetry. Hind limbs and forelimbs also have different functions related to propulsion and turning, respectively. This study uses the Equine Injury Database for race starts from 1 January 2009 through 31 December 2014, to compare injury rates across participating North American racetracks. The data are limited to catastrophic injuries in which horses died or were euthanized due to a fracture within 72 h of the start of the race. Overall injury rates were lower on turf and synthetic surfaces and the pattern of limb injuries in left vs. right and fore vs. hind limbs were different. Regardless of surface, forelimbs were more likely to fracture. Dirt surfaces showed higher rates of forelimb injuries compared to other surfaces, hind limbs were more likely to experience a fatal fracture on turf than on dirt. The left fore and right hind limbs were more likely to experience a fatal fracture but only on dirt surfaces.
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