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Duan X, Li J, Li Y. The fate of three typical persistent organic pollutants in bioretention columns as revealed by stable carbon isotopes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:138996. [PMID: 37211166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of simple and effective methods to quantify the fate processes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in bioretention systems. In this study, the fate and elimination processes of three typical 13C-labeled POPs in regularly added bioretention columns were quantified using stable carbon isotope analysis techniques. The results showed that the modified media bioretention column removed more than 90% of Pyrene, PCB169 and p,p'-DDT. Media adsorption was the dominant removal mechanism for the reduction of the three exogenous organic compounds (59.1-71.8% of the input) although plant uptake (5.9-18.0%) was also important. Mineralization was effective in degrading pyrene (13.1%) but had a very limited effect on p,p'-DDT and PCB169 removal (<2.0%), the reason for which may be related to the aerobic conditions of the filter column. Volatilization was relatively weak and negligible (<1.5%). The presence of heavy metals inhibited the removal of POPs to some extent: media adsorption, mineralization and plant uptake were reduced by 4.3-6.4%, 1.8-8.3% and 1.5-3.6% respectively. This study suggests that bioretention systems are an effective measure for the sustainable removal of POPs from stormwater and that heavy metals can inhibit the overall performance of the system. Stable carbon isotope analysis techniques can help to investigate the migration and transformation of POPs in bioretention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Jiake Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Yuxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
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Tian B, Gao S, Zhu Z, Zeng X, Liang Y, Yu Z, Peng P. Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry for determining high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1693:463879. [PMID: 36822039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of trace-level pollutants in complex environmental samples has always been limited by two main challenges: poor chromatographic separation and insufficient amounts of analytes. In this study, a two-dimensional gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (2DGC-IRMS) system was constructed for compound-specific δ13C analysis of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) in estuarine/marine sediments. This construction occurred through hyphenating an extra gas chromatography system (GC) to a conventional GC-IRMS using a commercially available multi-column switching-cryogenic trapping system (MCS-CTS). Compared with the previous 2DGC-IRMS strategy, which utilizes a Deans Switch device, the newly implemented 2DGC-IRMS scheme resulted in online purification of target analytes as well as enriched them online via duplicate injection and cryogenic trapping in CTS; this resultingly lowered the limits of detection (LOD) of CSIA. To improve the sample transfer efficiency to the IRMS, a broader-bore and longer fused-silica capillary was utilized to replace the original sample capillary running from the sample open split to the IRMS. A ẟ13C analysis of PAH standards showed accurate ẟ13C values, and high precisions (standard deviations 0.13-0.37%) were achieved, with the LOD of HMW-PAHs reduced to at least 1.0 mg/L (i.e., 0.07 to 0.09 nmol carbon per compound on-column). The successful application of this newly developed 2DGC-IRMS scheme provides a practical solution for the reliable CSIA of trace-level pollutants in complex environmental samples that cannot be measured using the conventional GC-IRMS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zhanjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Blessing M, Jochmann MA, Haderlein SB, Schmidt TC. Optimization of a large-volume injection method for compound-specific isotope analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds at trace concentrations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2349-2360. [PMID: 26563706 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of persistent organic contaminants can be used for source apportioning in the environment if appropriate sensitivity can be achieved. This paper describes the optimization and validation of a sensitive analytical approach for the determination of the carbon isotope composition of semi-volatile organic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). METHODS Analyses are based on the introduction of up to 150 μL of organic extracts by means of programmed temperature vaporization-large-volume injection combined with gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (PTV-LVI-GC/IRMS). To allow for the analysis of more volatile, low-molecular-weight PAHs, the PTV injector was equipped with a sub-ambient/cryogenic cooling. Accuracy, precision, linearity and determination limits for application in isotope analysis were evaluated for a set of individual PAHs ranging from two- to five-ring molecular structures. The method was exemplified by determining the δ(13) C values of individual PAHs in soil samples in a source apportionment study at a contaminated site. RESULTS The choice of PTV injection parameters is crucial to prevent isotope fractionation during injection and largely depends on the analytes to be determined. The observed isotope fractionation effect on semi-volatiles depends on the applied solvent and injection temperature and demonstrates the importance of performing appropriate tests with given PTV parameters for each of the compounds of interest. The proposed PTV-LVI-GC/IRMS method allows the carbon isotope ratio (δ(13) C value) of individual PAHs to be determined accurately and precisely at concentrations of 0.04-0.1 ng μL(-1) even for volatile PAHs such as naphthalene or acenaphthene. CONCLUSIONS LVI with PTV injector cooling allows for the isotopic analysis of volatile and semi-volatile PAHs at trace concentrations, thus considerably expanding the applicability of CSIA in environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Blessing
- BRGM, LAB/ISO, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, F-45060, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan B Haderlein
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany
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Herrero-Martín S, Nijenhuis I, Richnow HH, Gehre M. Coupling of a Headspace Autosampler with a Programmed Temperature Vaporizer for Stable Carbon and Hydrogen Isotope Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds at Microgram per Liter Concentrations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:951-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503229e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Herrero-Martín
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans H. Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehre
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Stable carbon isotopic ratio measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a tool for source identification and apportionment—A review of analytical methodologies. Talanta 2013; 105:435-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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