Effects of Early Concurrent Protein Malnutrition and Environmental Stimulation on the Central Nervous System and Behavior

Environmental Enrichment Enhances Cerebellar Compensation and Develops Cerebellar Reserve

The brain is able to change its structure and function in response to environmental stimulations. Several human and animal studies have documented that enhanced stimulations provide individuals with strengthened brain structure and function that allow them to better cope with damage. In this framework, studies based on the exposure of animals to environmental enrichment (EE) have provided indications of the mechanisms involved in such a beneficial action. The cerebellum is a very plastic brain region that responds to every experience with deep structural and functional rearrangement. The present review specifically aims to collect and synthesize the evidence provided by animal models on EE exposure effects on cerebellar structure and function by considering the studies on healthy subjects and on animals exposed to EE both before and after damage involving cerebellar functionality. On the whole, the evidence supports the role of EE in enhancing cerebellar compensation and developing cerebellar reserve. However, since studies addressing this issue are still scarce, large areas of inconsistency and lack of clarity remain. Further studies are required to provide suggestions on possible mechanisms of enhancement of compensatory responses in human patients following cerebellar damage.

Effects of early protein malnutrition and environmental stimulation on behavioral and biochemical parameters in rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze test

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of the tactile/handling stimulation (H) and environmental enrichment (EE) in well-nourished (C - 16% of protein) and malnourished (M - 6% of protein) rats tested in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) at 36 and 37 days of age. The results showed higher exploration of the open arms in the EPM in M as compared with C animals, as well as lower index of risk assessment behaviors, and EE, but not H, reversed the alterations produced by malnutrition in the EPM. Biochemical analysis showed higher levels of corticosterone in M when compared with C rats. The non-stimulated animals presented higher levels of polyamines in the hippocampus when compared with the stimulated ones in both diet conditions. It is suggested that both the lower anxiety levels and the lower risk-assessment behaviors in the EPM, as well as the higher levels of corticosterone, can be due to alterations in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as the result of early protein malnutrition.

Desnutrição protéica no início da vida prejudica memória social em ratos adultos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a desnutrição protéica imposta no início da vida produz prejuízos em um procedimento experimental de memória social em ratos (Rattus norvegicus). MÉTODOS: Os animais receberam dietas isocalóricas contendo 6% ou 16% de proteína do nascimento aos 21 dias, e dieta comercial a partir de 22 dias de idade. O teste de memória social consistiu em, após duas sessões de habituação (7 minutos/sessão), introduzir um animal adulto (100-114 dias de idade) e um outro jovem (30-44 dias de idade) em uma arena de acrílico (90cm x 90cm x 45cm) em duas sessões separadas por intervalos de 30 (experimento 1) ou 15 minutos (experimento 2). O contato social foi definido como investigação (ato de cheirar/inspecionar a região anogenital). A diferença no tempo de contato entre a primeira e a segunda exposição é considerada um índice de memória social. RESULTADOS: Nenhuma diferença devida à dieta foi observada no experimento 1. No experimento 2 houve redução no tempo de contato social dos animais-controle da primeira para a segunda exposição (p<0,05) e não houve alteração nos animais desnutridos. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que a desnutrição protéica precoce prejudica a memória social de ratos adultos.

Early postnatal protein malnutrition affects learning and memory in the distal but not in the proximal cue version of the Morris water maze

Learning and memory of early postnatal protein malnourished rats were investigated in the Morris water maze. During the lactation period (21 days) each litter (mother plus six male and two female pups) was provided with 16% (well-nourished) or 6% (malnourished) protein diets. After weaning, rats remained on the same diet until 49 days of age. From day 50 on all animals were fed a commercial lab chow. Experiments started on day 70. In experiment I (proximal cue version) the animals were trained to escape from water to a visible platform (3 cm above the water level) in six trials daily for four consecutive days, completing 24 trials. In experiment II (distal cue version) the animals were trained to escape from water to a submerged platform using the same procedure as in experiment II. After the 24th trial, the platform was removed and the animals were submitted to a 60-s trial (probe trial). Seven and twenty-eight days after training, the retention test was conducted in one 180-s trial. The results showed no impairment of the learning or memory of malnourished animals tested in the proximal cue version but an increased latency and distance traveled to find the submerged platform in the distal cue version of the procedure. In the distal cue version the malnourished animals also showed increased latency to find the platform 7 and 28 days after the test training. No difference due to diet was found in the probe trial test indicating that, once the task is acquired, malnourished rats can manage extra-maze cues as easily as well-nourished rats. It is suggested that the present results can be due to alterations produced by protein malnutrition in the hippocampal formation or also to reflect the higher emotionality of rats following early malnutrition, specially considering the fact that postnatally malnourished animals are more reactive to unpleasant or aversive stimuli as cold water.

Ontogeny of Home-orienting Behavior in Rat Pups During the First Half of the Lactation Period: Effects of Early Postnatal Protein Malnutrition on Repeated but not Single Testing

The ontogeny of home-orienting behavior was investigated during the first half of the lactation period in postnatally protein malnourished pups using repeated or single testing at 7, 9 and 11 days of life. During the lactation period (21 days) each litter (6 male and 2 female pups) was provided with 16% (control) or 6% (low protein) casein diets. To study home-orienting ability the well-nourished and malnourished pups were divided into two groups: the independent group (single testing), in which the pup was tested only once at 7, 9 or 11 days of age, and the dependent group (repeated testing), in which the same animal was tested once a day at 7, 9 and 11 days of age. Latency to reach the nest bedding, latency to reach the fresh bedding, time spent in the half of the box that contained nest bedding, time spent in the half of the box that contained fresh bedding, and total number of entered sections were recorded in 3 min sessions. Postnatal protein malnutrition significantly impaired the ability (higher latencies) to locate nest bedding in the group of pups repeatedly tested at 7, 9 and 11 days of age. This difference was not found in the group of pups tested just once at 7, 9 or 11 days of age. Both groups showed increased ability to find nest bedding across age. Locomotor activity was similar for well-nourished and malnourished pups in both groups, suggesting that impaired performance to find nest bedding in malnourished pups repeatedly tested at 7, 9 and 11 days of age cannot be attributed to differences in locomotion ability. The results suggest a possible role of spatial learning in the home-orienting behavior when the same pup is repeatedly tested at 7, 9 and 11 days of age as compared with pups tested just once on each of those days. This impairment of spatial learning in response to nest odor in malnourished pups is discussed in terms of its relevance for social behavior in early infancy and adulthood.