Two new neolignan glucosides from Arctii Fructus

A systematic review on botany, ethnopharmacology, quality control, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Arctium lappa L. fruit

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Arctium lappa L., is a biennial plant that grows around the Eurasia. Many parts of Arctium lappa L. (roots, leaves and fruits, etc.) are medically used in different countries. Arctium lappa L. fruit, also called Arctii Fructus, is traditionally applied to dispel wind-heat, ventilate lung to promote eruption, remove toxicity substance and relieve sore throat.

THE AIM OF THE REVIEW

The review aims to integrate the botany, ethnopharmacology, quality control, phytochemistry, pharmacology, derivatives and toxicity information of Arctii Fructus, so as to facilitate future research and explore the potential of Arctii Fructus as an agent for treating diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Related knowledge about Arctii Fructus were acquired from Science Direct, GeenMedical, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, Doctoral and Master's thesis, ancient books, etc. RESULTS: Arctii Fructus as an herb used for medicine and food was pervasively distributed and applicated around the world. It was traditionally used to treat anemopyretic cold, dyspnea and cough, sore throat, etc. To date, more than 200 compounds have been isolated and identified from Arctii Fructus. It contained lignans, phenolic acids and fatty acids, terpenoids, volatile oils and others. Lignans, especially arctigenin and arctiin, had the extensive pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activities. The ester derivatives of arctigenin had the anti-cancer, anti-Alzheimer's disease and immunity enhancing effects. Although Arctii Fructus extract had no toxicity, arctigenin was toxic at a certain dose. The alleviating effects of Arctii Fructus on chronic inflammation and ageing have been demonstrated by clinical studies.

CONCLUSION

Arctii Fructus is regarded as a worthy herb with many chemical components and various pharmacological effects. Several traditional applications have been supported by modern pharmacological research. However, their action mechanisms need to be further studied. Although many chemical components were isolated from Arctii Fructus, the current research mainly focused on lignans, especially arctiin and arctigenin. Therefore, it is very important to deeply clarify the pharmacological activities and action mechanism of the compounds and make full medicinal use of the resources of Arctii Fructus.

Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification

Arctium lappa L. is a prevalent medicinal herb and a health supplement that is commonly used in Asia. Over the last few decades, the bioactive component arctigenin has attracted the attention of researchers because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, multiple sclerosis fighting, antitumor, and anti-leukemia properties. After summarising the research and literature on arctigenin, this study outlines the current status of research on pharmacological activity, total synthesis, and structural modification of arctigenin. The purpose of this study is to assist academics in obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the research progress on arctigenin and to provide constructive suggestions for further investigation of this useful molecule.

Characterization of chemical components and the potential anti-influenza mechanism of Fructus Arctii by a strategy integrating pharmacological evaluations, chemical profiling, serum pharmacochemistry, and network pharmacology

Chemical components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) were the functional basis for its therapy achievement, and the absorbed components under disease conditions were mainly contributing to the therapeutic effects. As...

Benzofuran ε-caprolactam glucosides, amides and phenylpropanoid derivatives with anti-inflammatory activity from Oxybaphus himalaicus

(+)-(2S,3S)- and (-)-(2R,3R)-Oxybaphuslactam A glucosides are two undescribed benzofuran ε-caprolactams featuring a unique 7/6/5 fused tricyclic framework with p-glucosyl-O-phenyl unit. They were isolated from the root of Tibetan medicinal plant Oxybaphus himalaicus along with an undescribed sucrose ester, 3-O-feruloyl sucrose, an undescribed lignan glucoside, (7'R,8R,8'S)-3,3',5,5'-tetramethoxy-7',9-epoxylignan-9'-ol-7-one 4,4'-di-O-β-_D-glucopyranoside and ten known amides and phenylpropanoid derivatives. Based on the spectral analyses, X-ray crystallography and comparison of experimental and TD-DFT calculated ECD spectra, the structures of these compounds were determined. The anti-inflammatory assay showed the undescribed compounds had significant inhibitory effects on the formation of NO, TNF-α and IL-6, which were evaluated by LPS induced RAW 264.7 cell model.

Arctium Species Secondary Metabolites Chemodiversity and Bioactivities

Arctium species are known for a variety of pharmacological effects due to their diverse volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites. Representatives of Arctium species contain non-volatile compounds including lignans, fatty acids, acetylenic compounds, phytosterols, polysaccharides, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, flavonoids, terpenes/terpenoids and volatile compounds such as hydrocarbons, aldehydes, methoxypyrazines, carboxylic and fatty acids, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Arctium species also possess bioactive properties such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review aims to provide a complete overview of the chemistry and biological activities of the secondary metabolites found in therapeutically used Arctium species. Summary of pharmacopeias and monographs contents indicating the relevant phytochemicals and therapeutic effects are also discussed, along with possible safety considerations.

Two new compounds from the fruits of Arctium lappa

Phytochemical investigation of the extract of Arctii Fructus led to the isolation and characterization of two new compounds, named arctiisesquineolignan B (1) and arctiiphenolglycoside A (2). Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical evidence, as well as by comparison with known analogs in the literature. Compound 2 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than the positive control ascorbic acid at a concentration of 10 μM.

Hepatoprotective activity of twelve novel 7'-hydroxy lignan glucosides from Arctii Fructus

Twelve novel 7'-hydroxy lignan glucosides (1-12), including two benzofuran-type neolignans, two 8-O-4' neolignans, two dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans, and six tetrahydrofuranoid lignans, together with six known lignan glucosides (13-18), were isolated from the fruit of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as Arctii Fructus. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopy (1D and 2D NMR, MS, IR, ORD, and UV) and on the basis of chemical evidence. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-12 were confirmed using rotating frame nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY), the circular dichroic (CD) exciton chirality method, and Rh2(OCOCF3)4-induced CD spectrum analysis. All of the isolated compounds were tested for hepatoprotective effects against D-galactosamine-induced cytotoxicity in HL-7702 hepatic cells. Compounds 1, 2, 7-12, and 17 showed significantly stronger hepatoprotective activity than the positive control bicyclol at a concentration of 1 × 10(-5) M.