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Chen Z, Liu M, Wang N, Xiao W, Shi J. Unleashing the Potential of Camptothecin: Exploring Innovative Strategies for Structural Modification and Therapeutic Advancements. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3244-3273. [PMID: 38421819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) is a potent anti-cancer agent targeting topoisomerase I (TOP1). However, CPT has poor pharmacokinetic properties, causes toxicities, and leads to drug resistance, which limit its clinical use. In this paper, to review the current state of CPT research. We first briefly explain CPT's TOP1 inhibition mechanism and the key hurdles in CPT drug development. Then we examine strategies to overcome CPT's limitations through structural modifications and advanced delivery systems. Though modifications alone seem insufficient to fully enhance CPT's therapeutic potential, structure-activity relationship analysis provides insights to guide optimization of CPT analogs. In comparison, advanced delivery systems integrating controlled release, imaging capabilities, and combination therapies via stimulus-responsive linkers and targeting moieties show great promise for improving CPT's pharmacological profile. Looking forward, multifaceted approaches combining selective CPT derivatives with advanced delivery systems, informed by emerging biological insights, hold promise for fully unleashing CPT's anti-cancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Maoyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ningyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Wang X, Zhuang Y, Wang Y, Jiang M, Yao L. The recent developments of camptothecin and its derivatives as potential anti-tumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115710. [PMID: 37595544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
This review article focuses on the research progress made in the structural modifications of camptothecin (CPT), a potent cytotoxic natural alkaloid. CPT possesses a unique 5-fused ring structure and exhibits various beneficial activities such as anti-proliferative, anti-fungal, insecticidal, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. CPT and its analogs, including Topotecan and Irinotecan, have been successfully developed and marketed as topoisomerase I inhibitors. To enhance the therapeutic potential of CPT, researchers have undertaken structural modifications primarily on the A, B, and E rings of the CPT core structure. These modifications aim to improve the efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties of CPT derivatives. The article reviews the advancements in hybridizing CPT with other bioactive compounds, the synthesis of novel CPT analogs, and their associated biological activities. Moreover, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these modified CPT derivatives is summarized to gain insights into their structure-function correlations. In addition to discussing the modifications and biological activities of CPT derivatives, the article also touches upon the mechanism of parent drug release. Many CPT derivatives are prodrugs, meaning they require metabolic activation to generate the active form of the drug. It is a resource for researchers interested in developing novel anti-tumor agents based on CPT, addressing the limitations associated with the parent drug, and exploring various aspects of CPT modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yumeng Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yuankun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Maokai Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Lei Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
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Fotie J, Matherne CM, Wroblewski JE. Silicon switch: Carbon-silicon Bioisosteric replacement as a strategy to modulate the selectivity, physicochemical, and drug-like properties in anticancer pharmacophores. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:235-254. [PMID: 37029092 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioisosterism is one of the leading strategies in medicinal chemistry for the design and modification of drugs, consisting in replacing an atom or a substituent with a different atom or a group with similar chemical properties and an inherent biocompatibility. The objective of such an exercise is to produce a diversity of molecules with similar behavior while enhancing the desire biological and pharmacological properties, without inducing significant changes to the chemical framework. In drug discovery and development, the optimization of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMETox) profile is of paramount importance. Silicon appears to be the right choice as a carbon isostere because they possess very similar intrinsic properties. However, the replacement of a carbon by a silicon atom in pharmaceuticals has proven to result in improved efficacy and selectivity, while enhancing physicochemical properties and bioavailability. The current review discusses how silicon has been strategically introduced to modulate drug-like properties of anticancer agents, from a molecular design strategy, biological activity, computational modeling, and structure-activity relationships perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Fotie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA
| | - Caitlyn M Matherne
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jordan E Wroblewski
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA
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Dai Y, Qian M, Li Y. Structural Modification Endows Small-Molecular SN38 Derivatives with Multifaceted Functions. Molecules 2023; 28:4931. [PMID: 37446591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a camptothecin derivative, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) combats cancer by inhibiting topoisomerase I. SN38 is one of the most active compounds among camptothecin derivatives. In addition, SN38 is also a theranostic reagent due to its intrinsic fluorescence. However, the poor water solubility, high systemic toxicity and limited action against drug resistance and metastasis of tumor cells of SN38 indicates that there is great space for the structural modification of SN38. From the perspective of chemical modification, this paper summarizes the progress of SN38 in improving solubility, increasing activity, reducing toxicity and possessing multifunction and analyzes the strategies of structure modification to provide a reference for drug development based on SN38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Meng Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
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Khaiwa N, Maarouf NR, Darwish MH, Alhamad DWM, Sebastian A, Hamad M, Omar HA, Orive G, Al-Tel TH. Camptothecin's journey from discovery to WHO Essential Medicine: Fifty years of promise. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113639. [PMID: 34175539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nature represents a rich source of compounds used for the treatment of many diseases. Camptothecin (CPT), isolated from the bark of Camptotheca acuminata, is a cytotoxic alkaloid that attenuates cancer cell replication by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase 1. Despite its promising and wide spectrum antiproliferative activity, its use is limited due to low solubility, instability, acquired tumour cell resistance, and remarkable toxicity. This has led to the development of numerous CPT analogues with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. Three natural product-inspired drugs, namely, topotecan, irinotecan, and belotecan, are clinically approved and prescribed drugs for the treatment of several types of cancer, whereas other derivatives are in clinical trials. In this review, which covers literature from 2015 to 2020, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview and describe efforts that led to the development of a variety of CPT analogues. These efforts have led to the discovery of potent, first-in-class chemotherapeutic agents inspired by CPT. In addition, the mechanism of action, SAR studies, and recent advances of novel CPT drug delivery systems and antibody drug conjugates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Khaiwa
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor R Maarouf
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mhd H Darwish
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dima W M Alhamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anusha Sebastian
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Hamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Health Sciences, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hany A Omar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Chen YY, Bai YP, Li B, Zhao XB, Yang CJ, Liu YQ, Gao JM, Guo J, Li C, Peng JW, Zhao ZM, Zhang ZJ, Xu CR. Design and synthesis of novel 20(S)-α-aminophosphonate derivatives of camptothecin as potent antitumor agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105065. [PMID: 34174631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
29 novel 20(S)-aminophosphonate derivatives of camptothecin were synthesized via a FeCl3 - catalyzed one-pot reaction. All of these compounds displayed similar or superior cytotoxic activity in comparison with that of Irinotecan against Hep3B, MCF-7, A-549, MDA-MB-231, KB, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) KB-vin cell lines. Out of them, compound B07 exhibited significant cytotoxicity and 10-fold improvement in activity compared to Irinotecan. Mechanistically, B07 not only induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in Hep3B and MCF-7 cells, but also inhibited Topoisomerase I activity in the cell and cell-free system in a manner similar to that of Irinotecan. In both xenograft and primary HCC mouse models, B07 showed significant anti-tumor activity and was more potent than Irinotecan. Additionally, the acute toxicity assay showed that B07 had no apparent toxicity to the mouse liver, kidney, and hemopoietic system of the FVB/N mice. Therefore, these findings indicate that compound B07 could be a potential Topoisomerase I poison drug candidate for further clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Yin-Peng Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jian-Mei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jun Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Jing-Wen Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhong-Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chuan-Rui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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