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Thipe VC, Jatar A, Raphael Karikachery A, Katti KK, Katti KV. Green Nanotechnology of Yucca filamentosa- Phytochemicals-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles-Antitumor Efficacy Against Prostate and Breast Cancers. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2023; 16:19-40. [PMID: 38106675 PMCID: PMC10723618 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s437812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We report an innovative green nanotechnology utilizing an electron-rich cocktail of phytochemicals from Yucca filamentosa L. to synthesize biocompatible gold nanoparticles without the use of any external chemical reducing agents and evaluate their anti-cancer activity. Methods Yucca filamentosa L. extract, containing a cocktail of phytochemicals, was prepared, and used to transform gold salt into Y. filamentosa phytochemicals encapsulated gold nanoparticles (YF-AuNPs). Additionally, gum arabic stabilized YF-AuNPs (GAYF-AuNPs) were also prepared to enhance the in vitro/in vivo stability. Anticancer activity was evaluated against prostate (PC-3) and breast (MDAMB-231) cancer cell lines. Targeting abilities of gold nanoparticles were tested using pro-tumor macrophage cell lines. Results Comprehensive characterization of new nanomedicine agents YF-AuNPs and GAYF-AuNPs revealed spherical, and monodisperse AuNPs with moderate zeta potentials (-19 and -20 mV, respectively), indicating in vitro/in vivo stability. The core size of YF-AuNPs (14 ± 5 nm) and GAYF-AuNPs (10 ± 5 nm) is suitable for optimal penetration into tumor cells through both enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect as well as through the receptor mediated endocytosis. Notably, YF-AuNPs exhibited potent anticancer activity against prostate (PC-3) and breast tumors (MDAMB-231) by inducing early and late apoptotic stages. Moreover, YF-AuNPs resulted in elevated levels of anti-tumor cytokines (TNF-α and IL-12) and reduced levels of pro-tumor cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10), provide compelling evidence on the immunomodulatory property of YF-AuNPs. Conclusion Overall, these Y. filamentosa phytochemicals functionalized nano-Ayurvedic medicine agents demonstrated selective toxicity to cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Most notably, to our knowledge, this is the first study that shows YF-AuNP's targeting efficacy toward pro-tumor macrophage cell lines, suggesting an immunomodulatory pathway for cancer treatment. This work introduces a novel avenue for herbal and nano-Ayurvedic approaches to human cancer treatment, mediated through selective efficacy and immunomodulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velaphi C Thipe
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Ananya Jatar
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Alice Raphael Karikachery
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Kavita K Katti
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Kattesh V Katti
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
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