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Cheng KY, Rehani M, Hebert JS. A scoping review of eye tracking metrics used to assess visuomotor behaviours of upper limb prosthesis users. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:49. [PMID: 37095489 PMCID: PMC10127019 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced upper limb prostheses aim to restore coordinated hand and arm function. However, this objective can be difficult to quantify as coordinated movements require an intact visuomotor system. Eye tracking has recently been applied to study the visuomotor behaviours of upper limb prosthesis users by enabling the calculation of eye movement metrics. This scoping review aims to characterize the visuomotor behaviours of upper limb prosthesis users as described by eye tracking metrics, to summarize the eye tracking metrics used to describe prosthetic behaviour, and to identify gaps in the literature and potential areas for future research. A review of the literature was performed to identify articles that reported eye tracking metrics to evaluate the visual behaviours of individuals using an upper limb prosthesis. Data on the level of amputation, type of prosthetic device, type of eye tracker, primary eye metrics, secondary outcome metrics, experimental task, aims, and key findings were extracted. Seventeen studies were included in this scoping review. A consistently reported finding is that prosthesis users have a characteristic visuomotor behaviour that differs from that of individuals with intact arm function. Visual attention has been reported to be directed more towards the hand and less towards the target during object manipulation tasks. A gaze switching strategy and delay to disengage gaze from the current target has also been reported. Differences in the type of prosthetic device and experimental task have revealed some distinct gaze behaviours. Control factors have been shown to be related to gaze behaviour, while sensory feedback and training interventions have been demonstrated to reduce the visual attention associated with prosthesis use. Eye tracking metrics have also been used to assess the cognitive load and sense of agency of prosthesis users. Overall, there is evidence that eye tracking is an effective tool to quantitatively assess the visuomotor behaviour of prosthesis users and the recorded eye metrics are sensitive to change in response to various factors. Additional studies are needed to validate the eye metrics used to assess cognitive load and sense of agency in upper limb prosthesis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodi Y Cheng
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mayank Rehani
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jacqueline S Hebert
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Borkowska VR, McConnell A, Vijayakumar S, Stokes A, Roche AD. A Haptic Sleeve as a Method of Mechanotactile Feedback Restoration for Myoelectric Hand Prosthesis Users. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:806479. [PMID: 36188923 PMCID: PMC9397846 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.806479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current myoelectric upper limb prostheses do not restore sensory feedback, impairing fine motor control. Mechanotactile feedback restoration with a haptic sleeve may rectify this problem. This randomised crossover within-participant controlled study aimed to assess a prototype haptic sleeve's effect on routine grasping tasks performed by eight able-bodied participants. Each participant completed 15 repetitions of the three tasks: Task 1—normal grasp, Task 2—strong grasp and Task 3—weak grasp, using visual, haptic, or combined feedback All data were collected in April 2021 in the Scottish Microelectronics Centre, Edinburgh, UK. Combined feedback correlated with significantly higher grasp success rates compared to the vision alone in Task 1 (p < 0.0001), Task 2 (p = 0.0057), and Task 3 (p = 0.0170). Similarly, haptic feedback was associated with significantly higher grasp success rates compared to vision in Task 1 (p < 0.0001) and Task 2 (p = 0.0015). Combined feedback correlated with significantly lower energy expenditure compared to visual feedback in Task 1 (p < 0.0001) and Task 3 (p = 0.0003). Likewise, haptic feedback was associated with significantly lower energy expenditure compared to the visual feedback in Task 1 (p < 0.0001), Task 2 (p < 0.0001), and Task 3 (p < 0.0001). These results suggest that mechanotactile feedback provided by the haptic sleeve effectively augments grasping and reduces its energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet R. Borkowska
- Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair McConnell
- Scottish Microelectronics Centre, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sethu Vijayakumar
- School of Informatics, Bayes Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Stokes
- Scottish Microelectronics Centre, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan D. Roche
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Plastic Surgery, National Healthcare System Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Aidan D. Roche
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Vargas L, Huang H, Zhu Y, Hu X. Object Recognition via Evoked Sensory Feedback during Control of a Prosthetic Hand. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022; 7:207-214. [PMID: 35784093 PMCID: PMC9248871 DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3122897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Haptic and proprioceptive feedback is critical for sensorimotor integration when we use our hand to perform daily tasks. Here, we evaluated how externally evoked haptic and proprioceptive feedback and myoelectric control strategies affected the recognition of object properties when participants controlled a prosthetic hand. Fingertip haptic sensation was elicited using a transcutaneous nerve stimulation grid to encode the prosthetic's fingertip forces. An array of tactors elicited patterned vibratory stimuli to encode tactile-proprioceptive kinematic information of the prosthetic finger joint. Myoelectric signals of the finger flexor and extensor were used to control the position or velocity of joint angles of the prosthesis. Participants were asked to perform object property (stiffness and size) recognition, by controlling the prosthetic hand with concurrent haptic and tactile-proprioceptive feedback. With the evoked feedback, intact and amputee participants recognized the object stiffness and size at success rates ranging from 50% to 100% in both position and velocity control with no significant difference across control schemes. Our findings show that evoked somatosensory feedback in a non-invasive manner can facilitate closed-loop control of the prosthetic hand and allowed for simultaneous recognition of different object properties. The outcomes can facilitate our understanding on the role of sensory feedback during bidirectional human-machine interactions, which can potentially promote user experience in object interactions using prosthetic hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vargas
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University
| | - He Huang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University
| | - Yong Zhu
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at NC State University
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University
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Sensinger JW, Dosen S. A Review of Sensory Feedback in Upper-Limb Prostheses From the Perspective of Human Motor Control. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:345. [PMID: 32655344 PMCID: PMC7324654 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reviews historical and recent studies that focus on supplementary sensory feedback for use in upper limb prostheses. It shows that the inability of many studies to speak to the issue of meaningful performance improvements in real-life scenarios is caused by the complexity of the interactions of supplementary sensory feedback with other types of feedback along with other portions of the motor control process. To do this, the present manuscript frames the question of supplementary feedback from the perspective of computational motor control, providing a brief review of the main advances in that field over the last 20 years. It then separates the studies on the closed-loop prosthesis control into distinct categories, which are defined by relating the impact of feedback to the relevant components of the motor control framework, and reviews the work that has been done over the last 50+ years in each of those categories. It ends with a discussion of the studies, along with suggestions for experimental construction and connections with other areas of research, such as machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon W. Sensinger
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Strahinja Dosen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, The Faculty of Medicine, Integrative Neuroscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Wilke MA, Niethammer C, Meyer B, Farina D, Dosen S. Psychometric characterization of incidental feedback sources during grasping with a hand prosthesis. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:155. [PMID: 31823792 PMCID: PMC6902515 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A prosthetic system should ideally reinstate the bidirectional communication between the user’s brain and its end effector by restoring both motor and sensory functions lost after an amputation. However, current commercial prostheses generally do not incorporate somatosensory feedback. Even without explicit feedback, grasping using a prosthesis partly relies on sensory information. Indeed, the prosthesis operation is characterized by visual and sound cues that could be exploited by the user to estimate the prosthesis state. However, the quality of this incidental feedback has not been objectively evaluated. Methods In this study, the psychometric properties of the auditory and visual feedback of prosthesis motion were assessed and compared to that of a vibro-tactile interface. Twelve able-bodied subjects passively observed prosthesis closing and grasping an object, and they were asked to discriminate (experiment I) or estimate (experiment II) the closing velocity of the prosthesis using visual (VIS), acoustic (SND), or combined (VIS + SND) feedback. In experiment II, the subjects performed the task also with a vibrotactile stimulus (VIB) delivered using a single tactor. The outcome measures for the discrimination and estimation experiments were just noticeable difference (JND) and median absolute estimation error (MAE), respectively. Results The results demonstrated that the incidental sources provided a remarkably good discrimination and estimation of the closing velocity, significantly outperforming the vibrotactile feedback. Using incidental sources, the subjects could discriminate almost the minimum possible increment/decrement in velocity that could be commanded to the prosthesis (median JND < 2% for SND and VIS + SND). Similarly, the median MAE in estimating the prosthesis velocity randomly commanded from the full working range was also low, i.e., approximately 5% in SND and VIS + SND. Conclusions Since the closing velocity is proportional to grasping force in state-of-the-art myoelectric prostheses, the results of the present study imply that the incidental feedback, when available, could be usefully exploited for grasping force control. Therefore, the impact of incidental feedback needs to be considered when designing a feedback interface in prosthetics, especially since the quality of estimation using supplemental sources (e.g., vibration) can be worse compared to that of the intrinsic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Annika Wilke
- Department of Biotechnology, University for Applied Sciences Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. .,Advanced Rehabilitation Technology (ART) Lab, Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Niethammer
- Advanced Rehabilitation Technology (ART) Lab, Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Computer Science, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Britta Meyer
- Advanced Rehabilitation Technology (ART) Lab, Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dario Farina
- Advanced Rehabilitation Technology (ART) Lab, Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Strahinja Dosen
- Advanced Rehabilitation Technology (ART) Lab, Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Guemann M, Bouvier S, Halgand C, Paclet F, Borrini L, Ricard D, Lapeyre E, Cattaert D, Rugy AD. Effect of vibration characteristics and vibror arrangement on the tactile perception of the upper arm in healthy subjects and upper limb amputees. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:138. [PMID: 31722740 PMCID: PMC6854744 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vibrotactile stimulation is a promising venue in the field of prosthetics to retrain sensory feedback deficits following amputation. Discrimination is well established at the forearm level but not at the upper arm level. Moreover, the effects of combining vibration characteristics such as duration and intensity has never been investigated. Method We conducted experiments on spatial discrimination (experiment 1) and tactile intensity perception (experiment 2), using 9 combinations of 3 intensities and 3 durations of vibror stimulations device. Those combinations were tested under 4 arrangements with an array of 6 vibrors. In both experiments, linear orientation aligned with the upper arm longitudinal axis were compared to circular orientation on the upper arm circumference. For both orientations, vibrors were placed either with 3cm space between the center of 2 vibrors or proportionally to the length or the circumference of the subject upper arm. Eleven heathy subjects underwent the 2 experiments and 7 amputees (humeral level) participated in the spatial discrimination task with the best arrangement found. Results Experiment 1 revealed that circular arrangements elicited better scores than the linear ones. Arrangements with vibrors spaced proportionally elicited better scores (up to 75% correct) than those with 3 cm spacing. Experiment 2, showed that the perceived intensity of the vibration increases with the intensity of the vibrors’ activation, but also with their duration of activation. The 7 patients obtained high scores (up to 91.67% correct) with the circular proportional (CP) arrangement. Discussion These results highlight that discrete and short vibrations can be well discriminated by healthy subjects and people with an upper limb amputation. These new characteristics of vibrations have great potential for future sensory substitution application in closed-loop prosthetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Guemann
- Team HYBRID; INCIA laboratory, CNRS UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France.
| | | | - Christophe Halgand
- Team HYBRID; INCIA laboratory, CNRS UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Florent Paclet
- Team HYBRID; INCIA laboratory, CNRS UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Leo Borrini
- Departement of Rehabilitation at the Army instruction Hospital, 1 Rue du Lieutenant Raoul Batany, Clamart, 92190, France
| | - Damien Ricard
- Department of Neurology at the Army instruction Hospital, 1 Rue du Lieutenant Raoul Batany, Clamart, 92190, France
| | - Eric Lapeyre
- Departement of Rehabilitation at the Army instruction Hospital, 1 Rue du Lieutenant Raoul Batany, Clamart, 92190, France
| | - Daniel Cattaert
- Team HYBRID; INCIA laboratory, CNRS UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Aymar de Rugy
- Team HYBRID; INCIA laboratory, CNRS UMR 5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France.,Centre for sensorimotor performance HMNS, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Abd MA, Gonzalez I, Ades C, Nojoumian M, Engeberg ED. Simulated robotic device malfunctions resembling malicious cyberattacks impact human perception of trust, satisfaction, and frustration. INT J ADV ROBOT SYST 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1729881419874962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Robot assistants and wearable devices are highly useful; however, these artificial systems are susceptible to hackers. In this article, two sets of experiments were conducted. The first part of this study simulated a malicious attack on a prosthetic arm system to adversely affect the operation of the prosthetic system, while the perception of 10 human subjects was surveyed. These 10 able-bodied subjects controlled the prosthetic arm and hand with electromyogram signals, while an artificial sensation of touch was conveyed to their arms as they operated the system, which enabled them to feel what the prosthetic hand was grasping as they were asked to transport an object from one location to another. This haptic feedback was provided in both the normal and abnormal operational modes but was disabled in the extremely abnormal mode. The electromyogram control signals for the arm were reversed in both the abnormal and extremely abnormal modes. Results from the simulated malicious attack on a prosthetic arm system showed that the subjects found the haptic feedback helpful in both the normal and abnormal modes of operation. Both the abnormal and extremely abnormal modes of operation negatively impacted the self-reported levels of trust, satisfaction, and frustration with the prosthetic system as the subjects grasped and transported an object. While these metrics were negatively impacted by system malfunctions resembling a malicious attack on the control functionality, it was possible to rebuild them to their former higher levels after the functionality of the prosthetic system was restored. A parallel study in this article involved simulating a malicious attack on a robot assistant to unfavorably affect the delivery operation modes, while the perception of 20 human subjects was surveyed. Results showed that the simulated malfunctions unfavorably impacted the perception of trust, satisfaction, and frustration, but it was possible to restore these metrics in two different ways as the device functionality was restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaed A Abd
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Iker Gonzalez
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Craig Ades
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Mehrdad Nojoumian
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Erik D Engeberg
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- Center for Complex Systems & Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Markovic M, Schweisfurth MA, Engels LF, Bentz T, Wüstefeld D, Farina D, Dosen S. The clinical relevance of advanced artificial feedback in the control of a multi-functional myoelectric prosthesis. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2018; 15:28. [PMID: 29580245 PMCID: PMC5870217 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-018-0371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To effectively replace the human hand, a prosthesis should seamlessly respond to user intentions but also convey sensory information back to the user. Restoration of sensory feedback is rated highly by the prosthesis users, and feedback is critical for grasping in able-bodied subjects. Nonetheless, the benefits of feedback in prosthetics are still debated. The lack of consensus is likely due to the complex nature of sensory feedback during prosthesis control, so that its effectiveness depends on multiple factors (e.g., task complexity, user learning). Methods We evaluated the impact of these factors with a longitudinal assessment in six amputee subjects, using a clinical setup (socket, embedded control) and a range of tasks (box and blocks, block turn, clothespin and cups relocation). To provide feedback, we have proposed a novel vibrotactile stimulation scheme capable of transmitting multiple variables from a multifunction prosthesis. The subjects wore a bracelet with four by two uniformly placed vibro-tactors providing information on contact, prosthesis state (active function), and grasping force. The subjects also completed a questionnaire for the subjective evaluation of the feedback. Results The tests demonstrated that feedback was beneficial only in the complex tasks (block turn, clothespin and cups relocation), and that the training had an important, task-dependent impact. In the clothespin relocation and block turn tasks, training allowed the subjects to establish successful feedforward control, and therefore, the feedback became redundant. In the cups relocation task, however, the subjects needed some training to learn how to properly exploit the feedback. The subjective evaluation of the feedback was consistently positive, regardless of the objective benefits. These results underline the multifaceted nature of closed-loop prosthesis control as, depending on the context, the same feedback interface can have different impact on performance. Finally, even if the closed-loop control does not improve the performance, it could be beneficial as it seems to improve the subjective experience. Conclusions Therefore, in this study we demonstrate, for the first time, the relevance of an advanced, multi-variable feedback interface for dexterous, multi-functional prosthesis control in a clinically relevant setting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12984-018-0371-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Markovic
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Meike A Schweisfurth
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences (HAW), Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonard F Engels
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio, 34, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | | | - Daniela Wüstefeld
- Otto Bock Competence Center, Otto Bock HealthCare GmbH, 37115, Duderstadt, Germany
| | - Dario Farina
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Strahinja Dosen
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,The Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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