Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel Hybrids of Pyrimidine/Benzimidazole Scaffolds

Pyrazolo - Pyrimidines as Targeted Anticancer Scaffolds - A Comprehensive Review

BACKGROUND

Globally, cancer is the leading cause of death, which causes 10 million deaths yearly. Clinically, several drugs are used in treatment but due to drug resistance and multidrug resistance, there occurs a failure in the cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVES

The present review article is a comprehensive review of pyrazole and pyrimidine hybrids as potential anticancer agents.

METHODS

The review comprises more than 60 research works done in this field. The efficiency of the reported pyrazolopyrimidine fused heterocyclic with their biological data and the influence of the structural aspects of the molecule have been discussed.

RESULTS

This review highlighted pyrazolo-pyrimidines as targeted anticancer agents with effect on multiple targets.

CONCLUSION

The review will be helpful for the researchers involved in targeted drugs for cancer therapy for designing new scaffolds with pyrazolo-pyrimidine moieties.

Benzimidazole hybrids as anticancer drugs: An updated review on anticancer properties, structure-activity relationship, and mechanisms of action (2019-2021)

Cancer, characterized by a deregulation of the cell cycle which mainly results in a progressive loss of cellular differentiation and uncontrolled cellular growth, remains a prominent cause of death across the world. Almost all currently available anticancer agents used in clinical practice have developed multidrug resistance, creating an urgent need to develop novel chemotherapeutics. Benzimidazole derivatives could exert anticancer properties through diverse mechanisms, inclusive of the disruption of microtubule polymerization, the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle (G2/M) arrest, antiangiogenesis, and blockage of glucose transport. Moreover, several benzimidazole-based agents have already been approved for the treatment of cancers. Hence, benzimidazole derivatives are useful scaffolds for the development of novel anticancer agents. In particular, benzimidazole hybrids could exert dual or multiple antiproliferative activities and had the potential to overcome drug resistance, demonstrating the potential of benzimidazole hybrids as potential prototypes for clinical deployment in the control and eradication of cancers. The purpose of the present review article is to provide a comprehensive landscape of benzimidazole hybrids as potential anticancer agents, and the structure-activity relationship as well as mechanisms of action are also discussed to facilitate the further rational design of more effective candidates, covering articles published from 2019 to 2021.

Exploration of Nitroaromatic Antibiotics via Sanger's Reagent: Synthesis, In Silico, and Antimicrobial Evaluation

Facile synthesis of molecular hybrids containing a 2,4-dinitrophenyl moiety was achieved via nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the fluoride anion of Sanger's reagent (2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene) with various N, S, and O nucleophiles, considered as bioactive moieties. Antimicrobial evaluation of the new hybrids was carried out using amoxicillin and nystatin as antibacterial and antifungal reference standards, respectively. MIC test results identified the compounds 3, 4, and 7 as the most active hybrids against standard strains and multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aurginosa. Most of the hybrids displayed two times the antibacterial activity of AMOX against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and a standard strain of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 29853), while demonstrating a weak antifungal profile against Candida albicans. Selectivity profiles of the promising compounds 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11 on WI-38 human cells were characterized, which indicated that compound 3 is the safest one (CC₅₀ 343.72 μM). The preferential anti-Gram-negative activity of our compounds led us to do docking studies on DNA gyrase B. Docking revealed that the potential antimicrobial compounds fit well into the active site of DNA gyrase B. Furthermore, in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) predictions revealed that most of the new compounds have high gastrointestinal absorption and a good oral bioavailability with no BBB permeability.

The design and synthesis of potent benzimidazole derivatives via scaffold hybridization and evaluating their antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity against breast and lung cancer cell lines

New series of benzimidazole bearing scaffold as powerful antiproliferative antiangiogenic compounds against breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cell lines cancer were designed using molecular hybridization as a new strategy for drug development.