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Keshavarzifard M, Zakaria MP, Hwai TS. Bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to short-neck clam (Paphia undulata) from sediment matrices in mudflat ecosystem of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:591-610. [PMID: 27216263 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were characterized in sediment and Paphia undulata (short-neck clam) from six mudflat areas in the west coasts of Peninsular Malaysia. The concentrations of total PAHs varied from 357.1 to 6257.1 and 179.9 ± 7.6 to 1657.5 ± 53.9 ng g -1 dry weight in sediment and short-neck clam samples, respectively. PAHs can be classified as moderate to very high level of pollution in sediments and moderate to high level of pollution in short-neck clams. The diagnostic ratios of individual PAHs and principal component analysis indicate both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources with significant dominance of pyrogenic source. The first PAHs biota-sediment accumulation factors and relative biota-sediment accumulation factors data for short-neck clam were obtained in this study, indicating a preferential accumulation of lower molecular weight PAHs. Evaluation of PAH levels in sediments and short-neck clams indicates that short-neck clam could be introduced as a good biomonitor in mudflats. The results also demonstrated that under environmental conditions, the sedimentary load of hydrocarbons appears to be one of the factors controlling their bioavailability to biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Keshavarzifard
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tan Shau Hwai
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Périno-Issartier S, Ginies C, Cravotto G, Chemat F. A comparison of essential oils obtained from lavandin via different extraction processes: Ultrasound, microwave, turbohydrodistillation, steam and hydrodistillation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1305:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fouial-Djebbar D, Djebbar R, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY, Budzinski H. Level of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Marine Environment of Algiers Bay, Algeria. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.551861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Christensen JH, Tomasi G, de Lemos Scofield A, de Fatima Guadalupe Meniconi M. A novel approach for characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution patterns in sediments from Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:3290-3297. [PMID: 20709434 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel multivariate method based on principal component analysis of pre-processed sections of chromatograms is used to characterize the complex PAH pollution patterns in sediments from Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Five distinct sources of 3- to 6-ring PAHs could be revealed. The harbour is the most contaminated site in the bay, its plume stretches in a South West to North East direction and the chemical profile indicates mainly pyrogenic sources mixed with a fraction of high-molecular-weight petrogenic PAHs. Rio São João de Meriti is the second largest source of PAHs, and introduces mainly a fraction of low-molecular-weight petrogenic PAHs from the western region of Rio de Janeiro. The sites close to the ruptured pipeline at the Duque de Caxias Refinery show a distinctive pollution pattern indicating a heavy petroleum fraction. The method also led to the identification of new potential indicator ratios also involving coeluting peaks (e.g., triphenylene and chrysene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Christensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Soclo HH, Budzinski H, Garrigues P, Matsuzawa S. BIOTA ACCUMULATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN BENIN COASTAL WATERS. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630801940530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. H. Soclo
- a Unité Recherche en Ecotoxicologie et Etude de Qualité (U.R.E.E.Q) and Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi/Université d'Abomey-Calavi , Cotonou , République du Bénin
| | - H. Budzinski
- b Laboratoire de Physicotoxicochimie , Université de Bordeaux 1 , Talence , France
| | - Ph. Garrigues
- c Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux 1 , Talence , France
| | - S. Matsuzawa
- d National Institute for Resources and Environment (N.I.R.E), Atmospheric Dept. , Ibaraki , Japan
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Jánská M, Tomaniová M, Hajslová J, Kocourek V. Optimization of the procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in fish tissue: Estimation of measurements uncertainty. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:309-25. [PMID: 16517533 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500401207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three alternative procedures were employed for the isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 15 of 16 US EPA priority pollutants and benzo[e]pyrene), their methyl-derivatives and sulphur analogues from fish tissue: (1) Soxhlet extraction, (2) batch extraction enhanced by sonication, and (3) saponification of the sample followed by re-extraction of analytes into hexane. Soxhlet extraction using hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) was the most efficient extraction technique, with analyte recoveries in the range 70-108%. Within optimization of the clean-up step, several types of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) systems were tested: two types of polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer gels (PSDVB), both 'soft' gel type (Bio-Beads S-X3) and 'rigid' gels type (PL gel and Envirogel) in combination with various mobile phases were compared. Bio-Beads S-X3 and mobile phase chloroform were the most appropriate for purifying of crude extracts before the final determinative step. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection (HPLC/FLD) was used for identification and quantification of PAHs in purified fish extracts. The uncertainties of PAHs measurements were estimated by employing two alternative approaches. Both provided similar results: the expanded uncertainties obtained for individual PAHs by the 'top-down' approach were in the range 9-53%, their values resulting from application of the 'bottom-up' approach were in the range 16-52%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jánská
- Technická 3, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Christensen A, Ostman C, Westerholm R. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and on-line LC?GC?MS for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban dust and diesel particulate matter. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1206-16. [PMID: 15731915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in particulate matter from ambient air and diesel exhaust emissions. It is reproducible and accurate and, compared with similar methods for analysis of individual PAH components in complex matrices, it is relatively fast and simple. Single PAH components can be determined in samples of particulate matter from ambient air and diesel exhaust emissions with LOD of approximately 1 pg/sample. Further, sample throughput is high, because more than 20 samples can be extracted and prepared for analysis in one working (8-h) day. The particulate matter is subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction, a technique that is shown to extract PAH from particulate material with efficiencies fully comparable with those of Soxhlet extraction. An aliphatic/PAH-enriched fraction is obtained by solid-phase extraction before isolation, separation, and identification/quantification of PAH by on-line liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method was validated by analysis of US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRM) 1649a, Urban Dust, and 2975, Diesel Particulate Matter. Results from the method are in good agreement with the NIST-certified PAH concentrations and with NIST reference PAH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Christensen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Devier MH, Augagneur S, Budzinski H, Le Menach K, Mora P, Narbonne JF, Garrigues P. One-year monitoring survey of organic compounds (PAHs, PCBs, TBT), heavy metals and biomarkers in blue mussels from the Arcachon Bay, France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:224-40. [PMID: 15735781 DOI: 10.1039/b409577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Marine mussels Mytilus sp. were transplanted on a monthly basis in cages over one year to oyster farms and harbours in the Arcachon Bay (France) in order to assess the water quality of the bay. Contaminant levels (organotin compounds, trace metals, PCBs and PAHs) were measured in tissues of transplanted mussels and mussels from a reference station, along with physiological parameters of the mussels (condition indexes, lipid content and dry weight). Four biomarkers (AChE: acetylcholinesterase activity, GST: gluthathione S-transferase activity, CAT: catalase activity and TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance content) were also monitored. The remote stations monitored (oyster parks) exhibited no accumulation pattern of pollutants. Their respective concentrations therefore constitute a background level of the contamination in the bay ([TBT]= 30 ng Sn g(-1) dw, [SigmaHAPs]= 100 ng g(-1) dw, [SigmaPCBs]= 35 ng g(-1) dw). The elevated chemical contamination of the largest harbour of the bay, the Arcachon harbour, can be interpreted in terms of persistence of organotin compounds ([SigmaOTs]= 1500-2000 ng Sn g(-1) dw) and PAHs ([SigmaHAPs]= 4500-5000 ng g(-1) dw) in sediments and, to a lesser extent, of direct inputs of copper ([Cu]= 20 microg g(-1) dw in harbours versus 7 in oyster parks) and petrogenic PAHs ([methylphenanthrenes]= 1600 ng g(-1) dw in the dockyard versus 170 at the gas stations), related to the use of copper-based antifouling paints and to dockyard activity, respectively. However, the Arcachon Bay presents a low contamination level by PCBs and metals, including harbour stations. Furthermore, higher levels of other PAHs (particularly alkyl PAHs such as methylphenanthrenes/1600 ng g(-1) dw) not included in the 16 PAHs from the EPA priority list (usually studied in biomonitoring programmes/1500 ng g(-1) dw) in the Arcachon harbour underline the need to integrate these compounds in biomonitoring of highly PAH-polluted areas such as harbours in order to avoid misinterpretation of the biological responses observed. Biomarker responses were not able to discriminate the different chemical contamination levels recorded in the Arcachon Bay and rather reflected changes in environmental factors. Furthermore, the strong intraspecies variability of biological responses could be due to genetic differences of mussels from the Arcachon Bay. It is the first time that such an integrated monitoring is performed in the Arcachon Bay, also taking into account seasonal variations of chemical contents and biomarkers levels in mussel tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Devier
- Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxicochimie des Systemes Naturels (LPTC), UMR 5472 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
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Jánská M, Tomaniová M, Hajšlová J, Kocourek V. Appraisal of “classic” and “novel” extraction procedure efficiencies for the isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives from biotic matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Miège C, Dugay J, Hennion MC. Optimization, validation and comparison of various extraction techniques for the trace determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludges by liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 995:87-97. [PMID: 12800925 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for a better characterization of sludges from wastewater treatment plants which are destined to be spread on agricultural lands. Inorganic pollutants are regularly controlled but organic pollutants have received few attention up to now. On this paper, we have been interested on the analysis of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed in the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority list and more particularly of the six PAHs listed in the European community list (fluoranthene, benzo[b and k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene). The analysis step consists on liquid chromatography with both fluorescence and UV detections as described in the EPA Method 8310. As for the extraction step, several techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, focused microwave extraction in open vessels, Soxhlet and ultrasonic extractions are compared after optimization of the experimental conditions (solvent nature and quantity, temperature, pressure, duration, ... ) and validation with certified sludges. When optimized, these five extraction techniques are as much efficient with similar relative standard deviation. Whatever the extraction techniques used, the whole analysis protocol permits to quantify PAHs in the range of 0.09 to 0.9 mg/kg of dried sludges.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Miège
- Laboratoire d'Analyse des Micropolluants Organiques, Unité de Recherche Qualité des Eaux et Prévention des Pollutions, Cemagref-Groupement de Lyon, 3 bis Quai Chauveau, 69336 Lyon Cedex, France.
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Brachet A, Christen P, Veuthey JL. Focused microwave-assisted extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:162-169. [PMID: 12099107 DOI: 10.1002/pca.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves was performed by focused microwave-assisted extraction (FMAE). Cocaine extraction was optimised with respect to the nature of the extracting solvent, the particle size distribution, the moisture of the sample, the applied microwave power and the radiation time. A central composite design was used to optimise the two latter parameters and to assess the robustness of the extraction method around the best conditions. FMAE generated extracts similar to those obtained by conventional solid-liquid extraction but in a more efficient manner, i.e. 30 s were sufficient to extract cocaine quantitatively from leaves. Analyses of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in coca leaves was carried out by capillary GC-FID and GC-MS for peak identification, as well as by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brachet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Bd. d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Kaufmann B, Christen P. Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave-assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:105-13. [PMID: 12018022 DOI: 10.1002/pca.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the last 10 years there has been an increased interest in using techniques involving microwave-assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction in analytical laboratories. This review gives a brief overview of both methods, and reports on their application to the extraction of natural products. The influence of parameters such as the nature of the solvent and volume, temperature, time and particle size of the matrix is discussed. Through numerous examples, it is demonstrated that both techniques allow reduced solvent consumption and shorter extraction times, while the extraction yields of the analytes are equivalent to or even higher than those obtained with conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Kaufmann
- University of Geneva, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, 20 bd d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Tomaniová M, Hajšlová J, Kocourek V, Pavelka J, Volka K. Focused Microwave (FMW) Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Plant Bioindicators, Comparison with Classical Techniques. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630008034735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tomaniová M, Hajšlová J, Pavelka J, Kocourek V, Holadová K, Klı́mová I. Microwave-assisted solvent extraction — a new method for isolation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from plants. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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