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Takamido R, Yokoyama K, Nakamoto H, Ota J, Yamamoto Y. Interpersonal coordination analysis in bat-and-ball sports under a real game situation: Asymmetric interaction and delayed coupling. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290855. [PMID: 37939132 PMCID: PMC10631703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the interpersonal coordination between the pitcher and the batter in bat-and-ball sports. Although the importance of interpersonal coordination is widely accepted in many sports, no studies have investigated it in bat-and-ball sports because the dominant task constraints surrounding the interaction between pitcher and batter make it difficult to apply conventional analytic techniques. To address the issue, this study proposes a new analytical framework to investigate interpersonal coordination in bat-and-ball sports under a real game situation with two main characteristics: asymmetric interaction and delayed coupling. First, the dynamic time warping technique was used to evaluate the stability of the head movement pattern of the pitcher and batter, and cross-correlation analysis was used to quantify the temporal relationship between them. We found that the head movement pattern of batters was significantly more unstable than that of pitchers, and approximately 60% of the variance of the change in the head movement pattern of batters could be explained by that of the pitchers. Moreover, expert batters followed a pitcher's movements with a specific time delay of approximately 250 ms. These findings highlight the characteristics of interpersonal coordination in bat-and-ball sports: the pitcher can make a pre-patterned stable motion, whereas the batter needs to follow and adjust their movement to it. Although the effects of prediction ability need to be investigated to understand its detailed mechanism, the contribution of this study is that it revealed the existence of the interpersonal coordination between the pitcher and batter of bat-and-ball sports under a real game situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Takamido
- Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering (RACE), School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yokoyama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakamoto
- Faculty of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kanoya City, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jun Ota
- Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering (RACE), School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Myszka S, Yearby T, Davids K. (Re)conceptualizing movement behavior in sport as a problem-solving activity. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1130131. [PMID: 37346385 PMCID: PMC10281209 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1130131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the term problem-solving in relation to movement behavior is an often-broached topic within kinesiology. Here we present a clear rationale for the concept of problem-solving, specifically pertaining to the skilled organization of movement behaviors in sport performance, and the respective processes that underpin it, conceptualized within an ecological dynamics framework. The movement behavior that emerges in sport can be viewed as a problem-solving activity for the athlete, where integrated movement solutions are underpinned by intertwined processes of perception, cognition, and action. This movement problem-solving process becomes functionally aligned with sport performance challenges through a tight coupling to relevant information sources in the environment, which specify affordances offered to the athlete. This ecological perspective can shape our lens on how movements are coordinated and controlled in the context of sport, influencing practical approaches utilized towards facilitating dexterity of athletes. These ideas imply how coaches could set alive movement problems for athletes to solve within practice environments, where they would be required to continuously (re)organize movement system degrees of freedom in relation to dynamic and emergent opportunities, across diverse, complex problems. Through these experiences, athletes could become attuned, intentional, and adaptable, capable of (re)organizing a behavioral fit to performance problems in context-essentially allowing them to become one with the movement problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler Yearby
- Emergence, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Davids
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
- Sport & Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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3
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Synchrony in triadic jumping performance under the constraints of virtual reality. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12417. [PMID: 35859003 PMCID: PMC9297677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of an immersive virtual reality system as a work space for sports and physical education can help maintain physical communication from separate places. In this study, we verified the possibility of constructing a movement synchrony system by reproducing the mathematical ordered pattern of “triadic jumping” in a virtual space. Three jumpers were asked to move together in a space that was cramped and insufficient for them to pass each other. Within this restricted space, the ordered pattern of the jumpers’ synchrony systematically transited to another state depending on the geometrical configuration of the work space. Although the temporal rigidity of the synchrony was partially lost, the ordered pattern of the “triadic jumping” synchrony that emerged in the virtual space was qualitatively equivalent to that emerging in real space. We believe the idea of expanding the work space for physical education to a virtual one could turn into reality if the sensory feedback of the collision successfully improves the spatial-temporal rigidity of the joint action ordered pattern.
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Mizawa T, Okumura M, Kijima A. Temporal and Spatial Structure of Collective Pass-Chaining Action Performed by Japanese Top-Level Field Hockey Players. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:867743. [PMID: 35498516 PMCID: PMC9039387 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.867743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In real hockey or soccer games, scoring opportunities usually occur quite rarely, and thus, for most of the duration of a game, the ball is drifting between the two goals. This pass-chaining situation can be regarded as the stable state of the offense–defense interaction. In the current study, temporal and spatial structure of this dynamical state was unveiled via quantification of the “defensive pressure distribution” on the pass trajectory, which was modeled as a non-linear function of the distance between the defender(s) and a given position on the pitch. Two groups, i.e., a top-level group and a less-skilled group, of Japanese collegiate hockey players were asked to play in 3-on-3 small-sided games between players of the same skill levels. When both the top-level and less-skilled players succeeded in passing the ball, there were no skill-level differences observed in the defensive pressure distribution on the pass trajectory. In these cases, the defenders put a certain level of pressure on the middle of the pass trajectory when the passer received a previously released pass, and later, when he released the ball to a teammate, the defenders approached the position at which the passer released the ball to intensively press on the passer. However, in the cases wherein they failed to thread the ball, clear differences were observed between the groups in terms of the defensive pressure distribution on the pass trajectory. In particular, for the less-skilled group, extremely intensive defensive pressure was put on the overall regions of the pass trajectory heavily concentrated on the timing at which the passer released the pass. This unique pressure distribution emerged for the less-skilled group because of their long ball-keeping duration (longer than 1 s and also longer than that for the top-level group), i.e., from the moment the passer received the ball, to the moment he released it to the next attacker. Thus, for top-level hockey players, a short time constant (less than 1 s) for the passing action will enable the passers to avoid extremely intensive defensive pressure, and enable the emergence of a dynamically stable attack–defense deadlock state through continuous chaining of the pass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Mizawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Kofu, Japan
| | - Motoki Okumura
- Faculty of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Japan
| | - Akifumi Kijima
- Faculty of Education, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Akifumi Kijima
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Krabben K, Mann D, Lojanica M, Mueller D, Dominici N, van der Kamp J, Savelsbergh G. How wide should you view to fight? Establishing the size of the visual field necessary for grip fighting in judo. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:236-247. [PMID: 34617503 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1987721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral vision is often considered vital in (combat) sports, yet most experimental paradigms (e.g., eye tracking) ignore peripheral information or struggle to make inferences about the role of peripheral vision in an in-situ performance environment. This study aimed to determine where visual information is located in the peripheral field during an in-situ combat sports task. Eight advanced judokas competed in grip-fighting exchanges while wearing a mobile eye-tracker to locate gaze direction. Three-dimensional position data of the head and hands were tracked using a VICON motion capture system. Gaze analysis through automatic feature detection showed that participants predominantly fixated on their opponent's chest. Kinematic data were used to calculate the angles between the opponent's hands and the gaze-anchor point on the chest of the opponent. Results revealed a nonlinear relationship between visual field (VF) size and visibility of the hands, with athletes needing a VF of at least 30-40 degrees radius to simultaneously monitor both hands of the opponent most of the time. These findings hold implications for the regulation of Paralympic judo for athletes with vision impairment, suggesting that a less severe degree of impairment should be required to qualify than the current criterion of 20 degrees radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Krabben
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Mann
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Lojanica
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Mueller
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Dominici
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Kamp
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Savelsbergh
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Maloney MA, Renshaw I, Farrow D. The interpersonal dynamics of taekwondo fighting. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1968660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Maloney
- Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Renshaw
- Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Damian Farrow
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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7
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Optimal methods for estimating sports vision in kendo athletes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:315. [PMID: 33431981 PMCID: PMC7801623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether the eight standard tests of sports vision used in Japan appropriately reflect sports vision; whether all eight tests are necessary; and if not, which combination yields the optimal model. Participants were kendo practitioners (exercise group, n = 41) and those with no exercise habits (non-exercise group, n = 65). The performance of the two groups on all eight tests were compared. The groups differed in static visual acuity, kinetic visual acuity, and eye/hand coordination. A high correlation (r = 0.75) was observed between static visual acuity and kinetic visual acuity, while contrast sensitivity was moderately correlated with static visual acuity and kinetic visual acuity (r = 0.6), and dynamic visual acuity was moderately correlated with eye/hand coordination (r = - 0.66). Logistic regression analysis indicated that it is not necessary to conduct all eight tests; the optimal model included static visual acuity, visual reaction time, and eye/hand coordination. Our results suggest that static visual acuity, visual reaction time, and eye/hand coordination are sufficient for assessing visual function in kendo practitioners. For other sports, it may be possible to construct discriminative models using the same method and determine which aspects of visual function and which training methods to emphasise in a given sport.
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Krabben K, Orth D, van der Kamp J. Combat as an Interpersonal Synergy: An Ecological Dynamics Approach to Combat Sports. Sports Med 2020; 49:1825-1836. [PMID: 31502140 PMCID: PMC6851042 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In combat sports, athletes continuously co-adapt their behavior to that of the opponent. We consider this interactive aspect of combat to be at the heart of skilled performance, yet combat sports research often neglects or limits interaction between combatants. To promote a more interactive approach, the aim of this paper is to understand combat sports from the combined perspective of ecological psychology and dynamic systems. Accordingly, combat athletes are driven by perception of affordances to attack and defend. Two combatants in a fight self-organize into one interpersonal synergy, where the perceptions and actions of both athletes are coupled. To be successful in combat, performers need to manipulate and take advantage of the (in)stability of the system. Skilled performance in combat sports therefore requires brinkmanship: combatants need to be aware of their action boundaries and purposefully act in meta-stable regions on the limits of their capabilities. We review the experimental literature to provide initial support for a synergetic approach to combat sports. Expert combatants seem able to accurately perceive action boundaries for themselves and their opponent. Local-level behavior of individual combatants has been found to lead to spatiotemporal synchronization at the global level of a fight. Yet, a formal understanding of combat as a dynamic system starting with the identification of order and control parameters is still lacking. We conclude that the ecological dynamics perspective offers a promising approach to further our understanding of skilled performance in combat sports, as well as to assist coaches and athletes to promote optimal training and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Krabben
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dominic Orth
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John van der Kamp
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Takamido R, Yokoyama K, Yamamoto Y. Task constraints and stepping movement of fast-pitch softball hitting. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212997. [PMID: 30807596 PMCID: PMC6391020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the relationship between task constraints and the preparatory movement of fast-pitch softball batters in Japan for three different competition categories, namely high school, college, and league. As task constraints, we focused on the temporal and tool constraints and evaluated preparatory movements using initiation time and step duration of the stepping movement in a striking action. First, we confirmed the temporal constraints in each category and then examined the relationship between the temporal constraints and the stepping movements. The results demonstrated that the temporal constraints affected both initiation time and step duration of the stepping movements. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to the two variables. Consequently, the stepping movement of the softball players was classified into three types: “late initiation–short duration” (LS), “early initiation–short duration” (ES), and “early initiation–long duration” (EL) corresponding to the task constraints. Finally, the relationship between the task constraints of each category and the stepping movements was examined. The results revealed that high school players exhibited mostly the LS- or EL-type stepping movement; college players exhibited mostly the EL-type stepping movement; and league players exhibited all types. These results depict that the players in each category with each temporal and tool constraint exhibited particular types of stepping movements as a preparatory movement corresponding to each task constraint, thereby arguing that players use a not-to-lose strategy exploiting the redundancy in solutions under various task constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Takamido
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keiko Yokoyama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Psychology and Human Developmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Psychology and Human Developmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Maloney MA, Renshaw I, Headrick J, Martin DT, Farrow D. Taekwondo Fighting in Training Does Not Simulate the Affective and Cognitive Demands of Competition: Implications for Behavior and Transfer. Front Psychol 2018; 9:25. [PMID: 29445348 PMCID: PMC5797738 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing practice design is critical to facilitate transfer of learning. Considerable research has focused on the role of perceptual information in practice simulation, yet has neglected how affect and cognition are shaped by practice environments and whether this influences the fidelity of behavior (Headrick et al., 2015). This study filled this gap by examining the fidelity of individual (cognition, affect, and actions) and interpersonal behavior of 10 highly skilled Australian Taekwondo athletes fighting in training compared to competition. Interpersonal behavior was assessed by tracking location coordinates to analyze distance-time coordination tendencies of the fighter-fighter system. Individual actions were assessed through notational analysis and approximate entropy calculations of coordinate data to quantify the (un)predictability of movement displacement. Affect and cognition were assessed with mixed-methods that included perceptual scales measuring anxiety, arousal, and mental effort, and post-fight video-facilitated confrontational interviews to explore how affect and cognitions might differ. Quantitative differences were assessed with mixed models and dependent t-tests. Results reveal that individual and interpersonal behavior differed between training and competition. In training, individuals attacked less (d = 0.81, p < 0.05), initiated attacks from further away (d = -0.20, p < 0.05) and displayed more predictable movement trajectories (d = 0.84, p < 0.05). In training, fighters had lower anxiety (d = -1.26, p < 0.05), arousal (d = -1.07, p < 0.05), and mental effort (d = -0.77, p < 0.05). These results were accompanied by changes in interpersonal behavior, with larger interpersonal distances generated by the fighter-fighter system in training (d = 0.80, p < 0.05). Qualitative data revealed the emergence of cognitions and affect specific to the training environment, such as reductions in pressure, arousal, and mental challenge. Findings highlight the specificity of performer-environment interactions. Fighting in training affords reduced affective and cognitive demands and a decrease in action fidelity compared to competition. In addition to sampling information, representative practice needs to consider modeling the cognitions and affect of competition to enhance transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Maloney
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Movement Science Department, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ian Renshaw
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathon Headrick
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Damian Farrow
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Movement Science Department, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Meerhoff LRA, de Poel HJ, Jowett TWD, Button C. Influence of gait mode and body orientation on following a walking avatar. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 54:377-387. [PMID: 28692837 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulating distance with a moving object or person is a key component of human movement and of skillful interpersonal coordination. The current set of experiments aimed to assess the role of gait mode and body orientation on distance regulation using a cyclical locomotor tracking task in which participants followed a virtual leader. In the first experiment, participants moved in the backward-forward direction while the body orientation of the virtual leader was manipulated (i.e., facing towards, or away from the follower), hence imposing an incongruence in gait mode between leader and follower. Distance regulation was spatially less accurate when followers walked backwards. Additionally, a clear trade-off was found between spatial leader-follower accuracy and temporal synchrony. Any perceptual effects were overshadowed by the effect of one's gait mode. In the second experiment we examined lateral following. The results suggested that lateral following was also constrained strongly by perceptual information presented by the leader. Together, these findings demonstrated how locomotor tracking depends on gait mode, but also on the body orientation of whoever is being followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rens A Meerhoff
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Harjo J de Poel
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim W D Jowett
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Chris Button
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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