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Haug H, Klein L, Sauerwald T, Poelke B, Beauchamp J, Roloff A. Sampling Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Consumer Products: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-22. [PMID: 36306209 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2136484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common constituents of many consumer products. Although many VOCs are generally considered harmless at low concentrations, some compound classes represent substances of concern in relation to human (inhalation) exposure and can elicit adverse health effects, especially when concentrations build up, such as in indoor settings. Determining VOC emissions from consumer products, such as toys, utensils or decorative articles, is of utmost importance to enable the assessment of inhalation exposure under real-world scenarios with respect to consumer safety. Due to the diverse sizes and shapes of such products, as well as their differing uses, a one-size-fits-all approach for measuring VOC emissions is not possible, thus, sampling procedures must be chosen carefully to best suit the sample under investigation. This review outlines the different sampling approaches for characterizing VOC emissions from consumer products, including headspace and emission test chamber methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each sampling technique are discussed in relation to their time and cost efficiency, as well as their suitability to realistically assess VOC inhalation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haug
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luise Klein
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerwald
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Birte Poelke
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Beauchamp
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Roloff
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Galeja M, Wypiór K, Wachowicz J, Kędzierski P, Hejna A, Marć M, Klewicz K, Gabor J, Okła H, Swinarew AS. POM/EVA Blends with Future Utility in Fused Deposition Modeling. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13132912. [PMID: 32610478 PMCID: PMC7372422 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxymethylene (POM) is one of the most popular thermoplastic polymers used in the industry. Therefore, the interest in its potential applications in rapid prototyping is understandable. Nevertheless, its low dimensional stability causes the warping of 3D prints, limiting its applications. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of POM modification with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 wt.%) on its processing (by melt flow index), structure (by X-ray microcomputed tomography), and properties (by static tensile tests, surface resistance, contact angle measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis), as well as very rarely analyzed emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (by headspace analysis). Performed modifications decreased stiffness and strength of the material, simultaneously enhancing its ductility, which simultaneously increased the toughness even by more than 50% for 7.5 wt.% EVA loading. Such an effect was related to an improved linear flow rate resulting in a lack of defects inside the samples. The decrease of the melting temperature and the slight increase of thermal stability after the addition of EVA broadened the processing window for 3D printing. The 3D printing trials on two different printers showed that the addition of EVA copolymer increased the possibility of a successful print without defects, giving space for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Galeja
- Department of Material Engineering, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Klaudiusz Wypiór
- Department of Material Engineering, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jan Wachowicz
- Department of Material Engineering, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Przemysław Kędzierski
- Department of Acoustics, Electronics and IT Solutions, Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Klewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Jadwiga Gabor
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.G.); (H.O.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Hubert Okła
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.G.); (H.O.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Andrzej Szymon Swinarew
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.G.); (H.O.); (A.S.S.)
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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Marć M, Namieśnik J, Zabiegała B. The home-made in situ passive flux sampler for the measurement of monoterpene emission flux: preliminary studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6879-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Marć M, Namieśnik J, Zabiegała B. Small-scale passive emission chamber for screening studies on monoterpene emission flux from the surface of wood-based indoor elements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 481:35-46. [PMID: 24572930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of literature data published in the last few years leads to the conclusion that in the process of assessment of emission flux of organic compounds emitted from different types of equipment and finishing materials, new types of devices, among which small-scale passive emission chambers for the performance of in-situ research are designed and applied on a larger scale. These devices can be successfully used for the assessment of emission flux of organic compounds in any location of an apartment, with no interference with its normal exploitation. In the following article the possibility of application of a designed and constructed small-scale passive emission chamber for the evaluation of emission flux of organic compounds (mainly monoterpenes) emitted from the surface of wood-based material made of laminated chipboard has been presented. The emission chamber made from polished stainless steel of the inner volume of 3.65 dm(3) allows for the examination/assessment of emission flux from the surface of 452 cm(2). A diffusive passive sampler was installed inside of the small-scale chamber, which enables collecting samples of the analytes emitted from the examined surface of indoor material. The working time of the passive emission chamber equaled 300 min. The results of preliminary studies show that, the constructed device can be successfully used for screening studies, related with the determination of emission flux of monoterpenes from any type of wood-based flat surface located indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
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